Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease of disturbed metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins caused by relative or absolute insufficiency of insulin in the body or reduced sensitivity of target cells to insulin, or defects in insulin itself, which is mainly characterized by hyperglycemia and glycosuria.

For the more serious condition, exercise, diet can not control the disease need to cooperate with drug treatment. Common diabetes medications include biguanides, sulfonylureas, glycosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones and some newer hypoglycemic drugs.

According to the "law of immutability", it is really a matter of decreasing the sources of blood glucose and increasing the destinations of blood glucose. Each different drug controls blood glucose through a different mechanism of action. For example: metformin acts directly on the process of sugar metabolism, promotes the anaerobic fermentation of sugar, and increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, such as muscle and fat; acarbose inhibits the activity of α-T-glucosidase (which is involved in the degradation of disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides) in the intestines, and also retards the degradation and uptake of glucose from carbohydrate sources; glimepiride improves the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin, and reduces hepatic output of glucose, and peripheral muscle and fat uptake of glucose from the blood. The increase of glucose uptake activates the activity of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, which further stimulates glucose metabolism; Dagliflozin mainly acts on the sodium-glucose co-transporter protein receptor of renal proximal tubule, which binds to the receptor and inhibits glucose reabsorption in the renal tubule, increasing the renal urinary excretion of glucose and thus achieving the effect of glucose lowering.

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This is a good question, from knowing what you know to knowing what you don't know, people have a desire to learn more about diabetes related knowledge, is a great progress!!!! Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with elevated blood glucose as a prominent manifestation and a series of complications caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors involved in the development of the disease. Pathological changes such as relative or absolute insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, and impaired tissue utilization of sugar can occur. When it comes to drug treatment, metformin and insulin are very common drugs, so how do these two drugs lower blood sugar?
First of all, blood glucose, because we are blood tests measured, only called blood glucose, to put it bluntly, is the glucose content of human blood. Diabetic patients with impaired glucose metabolism, blood glucose can not be fully utilized, which leads to glucose "retention" in the blood, the concentration of blood glucose naturally rises.

Metformin acts on the process of glucose metabolism, increasing insulin sensitivity by increasing the uptake and utilization of sugar by the body's cells, decreasing hepatic sugar production, and decreasing intestinal absorption of sugar. That is, it can both reduce the absorption and synthesis of sugar and increase the consumption of sugar, so it can make the concentration of glucose in the blood drop.

Insulin, itself a hormone secreted by pancreatic islet B cells, has the ability to promote the uptake and utilization of glucose by liver, muscle, fat and other tissues, as well as inhibit hepatic glycogenolysis and glycogen isomerization, reducing hepatic output of glucose, thus having the effect of lowering blood sugar.

Overall, it can be interpreted as reducing the sources of blood glucose and increasing the routes that blood glucose goes to, thus depleting glucose from the blood!

Blood glucose through the action of the drug is eventually broken down and utilized, conversion, so still follow the "material indestructible", just because the patient's own insulin decomposition and conversion of glucose capacity problems, so the efficacy of the drug to break down the conversion of glucose, such as increasing insulin secretion, improve insulin sensitivity and so on.

Glucose-lowering drugs convert most of the sugar in the blood into glycogen in the liver and fat on the body, and a small portion is consumed as energy by increasing the utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues. The consumed sugar is broken down into carbon dioxide and water during aerobic metabolism and fermented into lactic acid under anaerobic conditions.

Two ways to lower blood sugar

One class of drugs inhibits the body's absorption of glucose, such as alpha glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose, voglibose), and biguanides (e.g., metformin), which can directly reduce intestinal absorption of sugary foods. There are also glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (e.g., exenatide, liraglutide), which, in addition to augmenting insulin secretion and inhibiting glucagon secretion, can reduce the amount of food eaten through central appetite suppression, thereby lowering the patient's blood glucose.

The other class is drugs that increase the utilization of glucose in the bloodstream, such as metformin, can increase the anaerobic fermentation of sugar in the basal state of a person and increase the utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues; insulin sensitizers (e.g., rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, etc.) can increase the sensitivity to insulin in muscle, liver, and adipose cells; and insulin and insulin secretion-promoting drugs (glibenclamide, glipizide, glimepiride, gliquidone, repaglinide, and nateglinide, etc.), can directly Increase insulin or enhance the function of insulin in the body, thus accelerating the anaerobic fermentation and aerobic oxidation of glucose, inhibiting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and promoting the synthesis of fat and inhibiting lipolysis.

Insulin turns blood sugar into fat.

When we use insulin to treat diabetics, one of the indicators that the treatment is working is theweight gain. Because of the pancreatic insulin dysfunction in diabetic patients, there is an imbalance in the metabolism of sugar, fat, protein in the body and chronic hyperglycemia. The typical symptom of diabetes is wasting, which is because when insulin is disordered, the sugar eaten cannot be utilized by the body, and glucose is retained in the blood in large quantities causing high blood sugar. Insulin, on the other hand, promotes the synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein in the body, which manifests as weight gain. The raw material for synthesizing these substances is to use the sugar in the blood, so it produces a hypoglycemic effect.

Healthy life, rational use of medication

Diabetes mellitus should be treated according to its own condition by individualizing the treatment plan, formulating the dosage of medication according to the usual amount of meals and exercise, and carrying out blood glucose monitoring more often. When using hypoglycemic drugs, beware of hypoglycemia and shock induced by them. Each drug has different absorption, bioavailability and efficacy characteristics, so read the instructions in detail before taking the medication, and be sure to take the medication according to the time prescribed for each drug. If you do not understand anything, please consult your physician or pharmacist.

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Diabetes is caused by high blood sugar, the role of hypoglycemic drugs is to reduce blood sugar, in fact, this part of the blood sugar is utilized by the body, not out of thin air.The following focuses on the pharmacologic effects of insulin and metformin.

insulin

Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production, excites glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue, promotes glucose entry into cells, and accelerates glucose oxidation and enzymolysis; insulin promotes the conversion of glucose to fat; promotes the synthesis of glucose into glycogen and increases its storage, and inhibits the decomposition of glucose into glucose and reduces glycogen presentation.Insulin lowers blood sugar by increasing its utilization and decreasing its sources.

metformin

Metformin acts primarily on extra-islet tissues to increase insulin sensitivity in surrounding tissues, theIncreases glucose uptake and utilization in tissues, decreases intestinal glucose absorption, and inhibits hepatic glycogen isomerization.Metformin improves lipid levels and inhibits the release of glucagon. It is an insulin sensitizer and reduces insulin resistance.

After reading the above, do you understand?Glucose-lowering medications all seek to reduce the sources of glucose and increase where it goes, thus lowering blood sugar.

"The law of the indestructibility of matter", haha, this is a man with a deep understanding of physicalCarve the friend of cognition, right, and ask questions from the essential laws of matter.Blood sugar, i.e. glucose in the blood, is also a substance which does and does notthat are contrary to the essential laws of matter!

From a medical point of view, we will look at where blood glucose "goes" under the action of hypoglycemic drugs!

First of all, let's briefly talk about the ins and outs of blood sugar in the body, we eat into the food part of the food can be converted into blood sugar (most of the blood sugar comes from this), so we have to eat three meals to constantly maintain blood sugar; our body usually after meals also stores a part of the blood glucose in the liver, when needed, it can be released into the blood (for emergencies, seems to be quite powerful); in addition, is the body's fat, amino acids can be converted into glucose (hunger, life-sustaining blood sugar comes from this, fat or good). can be converted into glucose (starvation, life-sustaining blood sugar comes from this, fat is still good). These 3 pathways are the most important mechanisms for blood sugar in the body.

Then, the use of blood sugar, the body secretes a mobilization signal "insulin", which is secreted to vigorously mobilize the blood sugar into our body's various tissues and organs for metabolism, such as muscle cells, liver cells, cardiac cells, etc., and then we feel energetic, the muscles, the heart muscle and other organs are well-fueled, and you can go and have a good time. And you can go HIGH!

In diabetes, there is a lack of insulin secretion, or insulin does not work as well (including insulin resistance, which means that the mobilization of insulin is reduced and less efficient, for complex reasons). The body produces blood sugar but can not be used out, the organs of the body in the "lack of sugar" (because there is no insulin organs can not use blood sugar), our blood sugar is high, but also feel hungry, want to eat more food (blood sugar is even higher), and then the body began to break down fats, proteins, so we lose weight, the blood glucose is too high to produce osmotic diuresis, so we urinate more, so we have more urine, the blood glucose is too high. The blood sugar is too high to produce osmotic diuresis, so we urinate more, which is what we often say is typical of diabetes, "three more and one less"!

Well, hypoglycemic drugs, is through the inhibition of the 3 pathways of glucose (specific very complex, people do not get stuck), as well as increase the efficiency of the action of insulin (i.e., to restore the size of the action of insulin is supposed to be) to help utilize the sugar to lower sugar. As for insulin, its use directly increases insulin in the body, which is a miracle drug for patients with insulin deficiency (type I diabetes)! But for type II diabetics, because insulin resistance exists, which means that insulin doesn't work as well, it doesn't work as well, and that requires a higher dose. That's why type II diabetes often requires a higher dose of insulin than type I diabetes! In the future, don't go blindly comparing insulin dosages with other people, just look at what type of diabetes you have first!

I'm sure I'll get it in two readings.

The article concludes by wishing readers good health!

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