Hello, I'm Dr. Bobo and I'm now working at the CDC on STDs HIV and Hepatitis C. Let me give you some answers.

liver diseaseIt is one of the more important organs in the body for maintaining function and detoxification. The health of the liver plays a key role in the health of a person's body, and it also affects the health of other organs. Hepatitis B is a contagious disease, and the majority of liver diseases such as hepatitis in China are caused by the Hepatitis B virus. In our country, we use chopsticks to eat, and it is rare to have the habit of using communal chopsticks, so some of our friends may wonder if chopsticks can transmit Hepatitis B.

I'll talk about it.Can chopsticks spread hepatitis B?

Most people have a misconception about how hepatitis B is transmitted; the saliva of a person who is positive for the hepatitis B surface antigen does not transmit the hepatitis B virus.

The traditional Chinese eating habit is that everyone sits around a table, I take a bite and you take a bite of the dishes on the plate, and the saliva on the chopsticks will inevitably come into contact with each other, therefore, many people are worried that eating together with a person who is positive for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen will transmit the Hepatitis B Virus through the chopsticks.

In fact, the main ways of spreading hepatitis B aremother-to-child transmission(A way in which a mother who carries the hepatitis B virus transmits it to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.)blood-borne(including mainly medical acts such as blood transfusion and blood products, syringe needles and acupuncture, dental and surgical instruments, as well as cosmetic acts of an injurious nature such as tattoos, eyebrow tattoos, ear piercing, double eyelids, face shaving, etc.) andsexually transmitted(Sex between a man and a woman can be transmitted through semen, vaginal secretions).

In daily life, sharing toothbrushes and razors, etc. with a person with hepatitis B is very dangerous and you need to be careful when spending time with your family in general. Andeat together、handshakes、cuddle、co-location、discussionand other general life or work contacts.No transmission of the hepatitis B virus. However, there is a possibility of contracting the hepatitis B virus through contact with bodily fluids if both partners have wounds on the mouth or skin. Transmission of hepatitis B virus via blood-sucking insects (e.g. mosquitoes, bedbugs, etc.) has not been proven.

1. Hepatitis B vaccinationIt is the main preventive measure against hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is an infectious disease, and the three elements of an infectious disease aresource of an infection、transmission route和susceptible population. Hepatitis B vaccination is currently the main preventive measure against Hepatitis B. Since children (especially pre-school children) have weaker immunity and are the most susceptible to hepatitis B infection, they should be vaccinated against hepatitis B. China has made hepatitis B vaccination part of the mandatory immunization program. In addition, those who have hepatitis B in the family or those who spend a lot of time together should also receive the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis B vaccine is usually given three times, i.e. at the moment, one month later and six months later.

It should be pointed out that vaccination is only a means, not an end, the purpose is to produce antibodies (HBsAb), and only when antibodies are produced does one have immunity. If antibodies are not produced, the vaccine should be re-injected or dosed until antibodies are produced, so as to achieve the purpose of preventing infection. Please do not be overly afraid of Hepatitis B. Because adults have stronger immunity, it is not easy for them to be infected with hepatitis B. Even if they are infected with hepatitis B, more than 90% of them can be cured or recovered by themselves. This is the reason why one of the husband and wife has hepatitis B and they live together for a lifetime, but the other one is still not infected with hepatitis B.

Finally, hepatitis B patients need to be reminded thatNot all hepatitis B infections need to be treated with medication. If only the two halves are abnormal, but the liver function, virus quantification, B ultrasound are normal, the color of the face is as normal, no extrahepatic manifestations such as liver palms, and there is no obvious discomfort, this situation does not need to be treated, but should be tested regularly for relevant physical and chemical indexes. In other cases, according to the doctor's arrangement, regular checkups, timely medication, or even long-term or lifelong medication.LifeIn addition, all liver-damaging factors should be avoided, such as overwork, alcohol consumption, obesity, and indiscriminate use of medication, so as not to aggravate the burden on the liver and worsen the condition.dietary requirementsVariety, coarse and fine, meat and vegetables. At the same time, maintain a good state of mind, pay attention to rest, etc. is also conducive to the improvement of the condition.

2,I don't know if I have Hepatitis B. How can I get tested?

The simplest check isBlood test for Hepatitis B 2.5In the vast majority of people, a definitive diagnosis can be made. In a small number of people who are unsure, a quantitative test for the Hepatitis B virus can be performed, and if it is within the normal range, it can be ruled out. In a very small number of people who are still unsure, a liver puncture can be done for further testing.

Summary:Hepatitis B is not scary, and people infected with the hepatitis B virus should maintain a healthy, positive mindset and good living habits. We look forward to the scientific development to develop drugs to remove hepatitis B virus soon. I hope that every one of us will treat them with selfless love and kindness.Building a Better Life Without Hepatitis B Discrimination. I hope that every patient will be able to overcome hepatitis B!Finally, Dr. Bobo suggests that we go to a professional organization for physical examination to the qualification platform, formal and guaranteed. Usually pay attention to the details of life, every day to keep the mood happy!

Many people have a different misconception about hepatitis B and find it scary. And this line of thinking brings about some carriers who feel scared and inferior because they have Hepatitis B.

What's wrong with this society?

Science is evolving, but everyone's awareness is growing.

Seriously, not only is Hepatitis B not contagious through chopsticks ah, bowls ah, but now it's kissing, getting married, giving birth, breastfeeding, so those of you who are afraid, what are you afraid of? What are you discriminating against?

Let me break it down for you scientifically:

1. Acute hepatitis B

If it is acute hepatitis B, then it is indeed more contagious, sexual contact, ah, even deep tongue kissing is possible.

But! Don't be anxious and afraid. The HPV virus in acute hepatitis B, which is also acute when infected, can be cured with medication and has lifelong immunity. Also, acute hepatitis B patients themselves can be cured in time if they take medication, and the infectiousness drops dramatically during treatment.

2. Chronic hepatitis B

In the case of chronic hepatitis B, the carrier itself is not so easily cured.

But, their infectiousness is also decreasing dramatically. Usually chronic hepatitis B patients themselves are aware of their carrier status and, therefore, take medication to control it.

Taking the medication then drops the contagiousness of Hepatitis B once again.

In summary, hepatitis B is a contagious disease, but the means of transmission is still very limited, and the probability of transmission is small, there is no need to panic.

In addition, there is no problem with eating, chopsticks, and using the washing machine and toilet together! Don't break a friend's or family member's heart because of your fear and hesitation, or even an evasive look!

I also advocate the use of communal spoons and chopsticks, or even a return to the traditional split meal system that existed before the Song Dynasty, but you don't have to get too worked up about the risk of eating together and transmitting the Hepatitis B virus through chopsticks.

There are five types of viral hepatitis: A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis B is mainly transmitted through blood products, mother-to-child and sexual contact.

Transmission of blood products mainly occurs through blood or broken skin and mucous membranes in connection with blood donation or some invasive medical operations, and there is also a risk in daily life, such as tattooing, earring piercing, pedicure, and sharing of razors and toothbrushes. Mother-to-child transmission occurs mainly during the perinatal period, but the risk of mother-to-child transmission can be greatly reduced with reasonable medical interventions. Sexual transmission is specifically unprotected sexual intercourse with a hepatitis B virus-positive person, especially if there are many sexual partners (the hepatitis B surface antigen positivity rate among men who have sex with men in Beijing surveyed by scholars from Beijing You'an Hospital in 2014 was 9.0%, and the presence of hepatitis B virus infection markers accounted for 26.5% of the population). Generally we don't think that shared meals transmit hepatitis B. Hepatitis A and E are the only digestive tract transmissions.

Secondly, even the possible transmission of e.g. Helicobacter pylori and some hepatitis without meal sharing is determined by a variety of factors, such as immune function, the integrity of the digestive tract and so on. For example, infants and young children are more likely to be infected with Helicobacter pylori, the risk of adults is relatively low, and the infection of Helicobacter pylori is not the same as a certain cancer, of course, there are individual cases, such as bacillary dysentery patients do not wash their hands after the bowel movement, pick up the chopsticks through the body after stroking the food for you to clip ......

If you're scared of Hepatitis B, get a Hepatitis B penta test and if they're all negative, get the Hepatitis B vaccine, three shots will do the trick!

*Zhongyi Gu, Dietitian of Beijing Friendship Hospital, Director of Beijing Dietitians Association. She has a Master's degree in Public Health from Tsinghua University and a Bachelor's degree in Nutrition from West China Clinical College of Medicine. He is the author of "Gu Zhongyi Says: What Should We Really Eat". Focus on spreading reliable health knowledge for ten years, not a doctor can not replace the diagnosis and treatment, personal conditions need to comply with medical advice.

There are really too many hepatitis B patients in our country, but mainly asymptomatic carriers of the virus, and of course, patients with acute and chronic hepatitis. But we should never think that asymptomatic virus carriers do not spread the hepatitis B virus, but in fact, they are a dangerous and important source of infection. Of course, their infectiousness is also different, mainly based on their viral replication, which depends on the HBeAg, DNA positive or not, and even if the HBeAg is negative, there are a few patients who still have viral replication, and are relatively insidious transmitters.

First, let's talk about how the hepatitis B virus is spread.

• First I tell you in which body fluids of the patient the antigens of the virus can be detected, including the followingBlood, saliva, sweat and lotion, tears and urine, semen and YD secretionsAll of them have detected hepatitis B virus antigen; for the infection via blood, some people may have questions, can it be infected if you are pricked by the needle used by the patient, and how much blood can you be infected by contacting it, then I will tell you that one millionth of a milliliter of the patient's blood can be infected by contacting it;Blood-borne transmission is generally the transfusion of a patient's blood products thatDon't assume that just because a blood transfusion is screened that you can't contract a disease, there are some diseases that can't be detected during the window period, such as AIDS. There is also the vulnerability of healthcare workers to infection because of the possibility of being injured by sharp objects contaminated with a patient's blood.

• secondlyIt's mother-to-child transmission, and that number is still quite high.It can be about 20% or so, and studies have shown that if the mother is HBeAg-positive, then herChildren have a 70-80% chance of becoming asymptomatic carriers of the virusMoreover, the virus is usually more persistent in such congenital hepatitis B infections, and infection may also occur between mother and child due to prolonged contact.

• People are more concerned about whether they will be infected with hepatitis B when they live with or come into contact with hepatitis B patients. I would like to tell you that it is possible to get infected with hepatitis B virus through frequent contact in daily life, and this is also the main way of infection for adults. However, it is not true that shaking hands, hugging or eating together will cause infection.The necessary condition is that there is a break in the skin or mucous membranes of the body and it happens to lift the body fluids containing the virus.

• There is also the fact that the Hepatitis B virus can be transmitted through married life.

This brings us to the question of whether chopsticks can be infected with the hepatitis B virus.

• If the virus passes through theEating chopsticks infections are necessary for this to happenThat's what I'm talking about.These chopsticks came into contact with the patient's saliva or blood, and there still must be a virus in the saliva and blood, and the virus has to stay on the chopsticks, the Hepatitis B virus can survive for about 1 hour at a temperature of about 37°C; andA must-have condition that's for your oral mucosa to be broken in places.For example, mouth ulcers, a virus that just happens to beIntruding through the place where you broke, what would you say the odds of that are. It's possible anyway.

About Hepatitis B Prevention

• There are many diseases that can be infectious, but for prevention can be in three ways to start, the first is the management of infectious patients, hepatitis B infected for the first time in the hospital after diagnosis is to be reported, of course, will not disclose the patient's information, but some occupations need to carry out the relevant medical examination, and blood donations to do a good job in the screening process. For carriers, there is no need to worry too much, and do not avoid, after all, can not be discriminated against. Carrier is HBeAg positive, all other tests are normal, but still can not donate blood and direct contact with food work or childcare, this we estimate can understand. There is also the fact that the patients themselves have to use their own toiletries and other supplies separately.

• There is also the management of the means of transmission, here to talk about a few major aspects, first of all, whether blood donation, blood transfusion or infusion injection should be applied individually by each person disposable items, absolutely not a multi-purpose.
• Finally the Hepatitis B vaccine is very effective, safe and efficient and everyone should get it regularly.

Click on the top right corner to follow me and let me bring you more health knowledge.

When you're out and about, you're always going to have to eat with others, but no one is going to write their disease on their face, and there aren't always communal bowls and chopsticks to use. So often eat and drink like this, whether there is a risk of hepatitis B infection?

Some people will say that there are three major ways of transmission of hepatitis B: blood transmission, sexual contact transmission, and mother-to-child transmission, which does not even talk about the fact that saliva can also be transmitted (kissing, breastfeeding, sharing utensils, and chewing and feeding are considered close contact). First of all, in which body fluids can hepatitis B virus exist in our body? The most abundant one is definitely blood; the second one can be amniotic fluid, various fluids in the body; the third one is semen, tears, vaginal secretion, saliva and so on.

In contact with unknown hepatitis B patients, we all inevitably come into contact with the above body fluids. What a horrific number of people would develop Hepatitis B if all of them were to become infected. But the truth is that not so many people get infected at all. Why is that? The main reason is that now that the Hepatitis B vaccine is free, most people have antibodies to Hepatitis B, and when they have antibodies, they are protected.

Another possibility is that one's own immunity is so strong that the small amount of virus that enters the body is removed by our strong immune system. So without realizing it, we also get through a crisis, which is why people with strong immune function have a very low probability of getting sick.

The last scenario is also the most tragic, when you have ulcers or bleeding areas in your mouth, and coincidentally come into contact with chopsticks that have been used by a highly infectious hepatitis B patient with his or her saliva, and your own immune system is weakened. Even a very small amount of the highly infectious hepatitis B virus is enough to infect you. Once the virus replicates heavily in the body, it can quickly develop into a major or minor tertiary infection. Of course the probability of this happening is still very low.

So although the probability of hepatitis B transmission through chopsticks is very, very low, it is still possible. The most effective way to protect ourselves from hepatitis B infection is to eat and drink in groups, use communal bowls and chopsticks, and get vaccinated against hepatitis B in a timely manner.

Thanks for the attention and feel free to like and comment.

When your friend is clearly suffering from Hepatitis B, would you eat with him and share a pair of chopsticks? Indeed, many people are worried about contracting the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), so is it possible to transmit Hepatitis B by sharing chopsticks with a person with Hepatitis B? It is indeed possible, but the chances are low.

First of all, HBV has 'the tenacity of a small strong man", it can survive in low temperature, dry, ultraviolet light and general concentration disinfection environment, in order to destroy it completely, it can be boiled in 100℃ boiling water for 10 minutes, in 65℃ hot water for 10 hours or autoclave disinfection.

Secondly, HBV is mainly transmitted through blood, mother-to-child and sexual contact. If blood transfusion is urgently needed, blood donors who have not been strictly screened may be infected with Hepatitis B by entering the blood of a patient with HBV. Hepatitis B can also be contracted by using instruments that have not been strictly sterilized to perform invasive examinations on patients, or by touching patients' broken skin or mucous membranes. Intravenous drug users who share needles and syringes also have a higher rate of infection. Some small details in life may also be inadvertently infected with HBV, e.g. tattooing, ear piercing, sharing razors and toothbrushes. Mother-to-child transmission mainly occurs when the fetus is infected by contact with HBV-positive maternal blood and body fluids due to a break in the mucous membranes as it passes through the birth canal during labor. People who are sexually promiscuous have an increased risk of contracting HBV during unprotected sex.

HBV is not transmitted through the respiratory and digestive tracts, so we do not get infected in our daily lives or through general contact without blood exposure. Transmission of HBV by mosquitoes, fleas, etc. has also not been reported.

But there are always some surprises. Li Xuemei and other researchers at Beijing You'an Hospital conducted a survey on the transmission of hepatitis B in 400 HBV-infected patients, and the results showed that among the 400 HBV-infected patients, the exact infection caused by eating out was 4.8%. The results of this study were published in the 3rd issue of the Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine in 2001, suggesting that when there is a break in the oral mucosa, i.e., when there is exposure to blood, eating out together may lead to HBV infection. We should pay more attention to this kind of "accidental exposure".

To summarize, the question of whether chopsticks can infect hepatitis B should still be considered on a case-by-case basis. When sharing chopsticks with a person with hepatitis B when there are mouth ulcers, the possibility of infection is very high; if the oral mucosa is intact and there is no blood exposure, there is no need to worry too much about hepatitis B infection from chopsticks. Therefore, we should not be prejudiced against Hepatitis B patients and take appropriate measures to protect ourselves after we have gained an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of the Hepatitis B virus and its transmission routes.

For those who are not infected with HBV and have not been vaccinated, act now.

Respondent: Qian Jin, M.S.

In general, chopsticks do not transmit hepatitis B. In fact, most people have the wrong idea about hepatitis B. In fact, most people have a wrong understanding of Hepatitis B. As long as they hear that the other person is Hepatitis B, they will avoid it. Hepatitis B is divided into hepatitis B patients and hepatitis B carriers. For hepatitis B patients with abnormal liver function and replicating viruses, they are contagious and need to be quarantined for antiviral and hepatoprotective treatment. Hepatitis B carriers, on the other hand, who have normal liver function on regular review and do not have any symptoms, do not need treatment, but it is potentially contagious. Then it involves the transmission of hepatitis B. What exactly is the way of transmission?

1, mother-to-child transmission: in our country, 30% of hepatitis B carriers are accumulated through this mode of transmission. My sister-in-law was found to have hepatitis B during her pregnancy, and the virus replicates, after consulting the experts, she took antiviral drugs during her pregnancy, and regularly rechecked her liver function, took regular pregnancy checkups, injected hepatitis B immunoglobulin at the time of her child's birth, and isolated breastfeeding, and now her baby grows up healthily, and her mother is getting better after the treatment.

2, blood transmission: in the hospital have seen a lot of elderly patients are hepatitis B carriers, mostly because of young surgery transfusion. Blood can be transmitted through transfusion of blood or blood products, use of injection equipment, sharing of razors and toothbrushes, hemodialysis, etc. However, with the strict control of the State on the use of blood products and instruments, this way of transmission has decreased significantly. However, with strict national controls on the use of blood products and devices, this mode of transmission has declined significantly. However, most men do not understand that sharing razors is contagious, and it is important to emphasize this here.

3、Sexually transmitted: It has been confirmed that semen and vaginal secretions contain hepatitis B virus, so close sexual contact is also possible infection.

4. Other transmission: for example, insect bites, passing through broken digestive or respiratory mucous membranes, which, although theoretically possible, are of little practical significance.

Therefore, chopsticks are generally not contagious to Hepatitis B because Hepatitis B is not transmitted through the digestive tract. But it happens that the person who has hepatitis B has ulceration and bleeding of the oral mucosa, and the used chopsticks happen to be used by another person, then there is a possibility of contagion, but this also belongs to the blood transmission, then the next step involves which people are easy to be infected, and the susceptible groups mainly include: infants and young children, healthcare workers, homosexuals, and people in the catering industry, and our country implements protective measures for them - "vaccination against hepatitis B", which can protect themselves and also cut off the transmission. "Hepatitis B vaccination is a key measure to prevent the spread of hepatitis B. It can protect oneself and cut off the spread of the disease.

Respondent: Guo Qian M.S.

Welcome to Apricot Island for more interesting health facts!

Hello! Nutritionist thought that Hepatitis B is not transmitted through chopsticks.

1. Transmission routes of hepatitis B

Generally speaking, to see whether we can be infected by a certain disease, we first need to know how it is transmitted, so that we can also target prevention.

For example, everyone should have heard of SARS in 2003, which is a respiratory disease that spreads through the air. Hepatitis B can be transmitted through three main ways: blood, sex, and mother-to-child.

2、Hepatitis B does not spread through the digestive tract

Eating spreads diseases that are part of the fecal-oral route, such as dysentery. As we have described above, there are three ways of spreading Hepatitis B. It does not pass through the digestive tract. Therefore, in the vast majority of cases, Hepatitis B cannot be transmitted through chopsticks. Unless there are cases like the following.

3. Simple understanding of viruses

We know that the more powerful the virus, the less it can survive in the outside world. HIV, for example, dies very quickly after leaving the human body. There are very few viruses that are highly contagious and highly viable in the outside world. Once they appear, it's a catastrophe.

Just like the SARS mentioned above by Nourish, those who have experienced that disaster should be able to realize the fear of the SASR virus. Hospitals were overcrowded, quarantines were imposed at the drop of a hat, and all the vinegar in pharmacies and supermarkets was sold out ......

The good thing is that the Hepatitis B virus is not as powerful as the SARS virus, which is similar to AIDS in terms of its ability to survive in the outside world, and it won't take long for it to die when it leaves its carrier. Therefore, for it to spread through chopsticks, it will not work unless the chopsticks are stained with blood on top.

4. Infections in special circumstances

If we must talk about the will of transmission through chopsticks, then it is the existence of a very peculiar situation.

(1) Hepatitis B virus carriers have the virus in a strongly infectious phase, such as patients with triple III.

② When a person with hepatitis B eats, accidentally having blood on the chopsticks, such as having mouth ulcers.

(iii) Being infectious just happens to also have mouth ulcers, creating the possibility of blood transmission.

④ The infected person just happens to have hepatitis B antibodies in an inactivated state, or insufficient antibodies to fight the hepatitis B virus.

These conditions are met before hepatitis B can be transmitted to a normal person through chopsticks.

Therefore, the health and wellness gentleman thought that hepatitis B transmission through chopsticks is unlikely. However, we still need to do our best to protect ourselves from hepatitis B, such as not sharing personal items, including underwear, toothbrushes, razors, and getting the hepatitis B vaccine.

Lastly, Nutritionist wishes all of you the best of luck in staying away from Hepatitis B!

Can chopsticks spread hepatitis B virus? Hepatitis B is transmitted mainly by body fluids, so to know whether Hepatitis B will be transmitted at the dinner table, on chopsticks, you need to know whether there are body fluids and the Hepatitis B virus on the chopsticks. Let's make a hypothesis, if you have a meal with a hepatitis B carrier who happens to have a high viral load in his body, and he happens to have a break in his oral mucosa, and the hepatitis B virus is left on the cutlery, and this cutlery is not sterilized and happens to be used by another person, who unfortunately has a wound in his oral cavity, it is theoretically possible that he could be infected by the hepatitis B virus if he does not have the antibody.

So does this happen in life? It can be said that the chances are negligible, so restaurant meals, including sharing chopsticks is almost impossible to contract hepatitis B. First of all, it is because there are going to be a variety of small probability of events superimposed on each other, at the same time the probability of occurrence has been very small, negligible. And to be infected with hepatitis B, the amount of virus entering the body must reach a certain amount before it is possible. If the person has been injected with hepatitis B vaccine, this situation is even more unlikely to catch hepatitis B.

Another point is that the vast majority of adults, after infection with hepatitis B, due to the body's immune function is relatively sound, can be completely cleared of the hepatitis B virus, and obtain antibodies, epidemiological investigation, only 5% of adults infected with hepatitis B will develop into chronic hepatitis. As a matter of fact, most of the hepatitis B infections in China account for about 85% of infections from childhood (mother-to-child transmission). Nowadays, with the popularization of hepatitis B vaccine and the implementation of mother-to-child transmission interruption, such infections have become less and less common.

So what diseases can chopsticks bring?

1. Helicobacter pylori. Its infection pathway is mainly oral and fecal-oral transmission, and is characterized by family aggregation, which can be transmitted through chopsticks. It is the main culprit that leads to chronic gastritis and gastric ulcer.

2. Hepatitis A and E. The main mode of transmission is fecal-oral, so if you share cups, dishes, etc. with a patient, the virus may be transmitted to a healthy person through saliva.

3. Hand, foot and mouth disease. It may also be transmitted through the digestive tract. If there is a child with HFMD at home, parents should pay attention to diet and personal hygiene, and special bowls should be used in kindergartens to prevent children from infecting each other.

4. Typhoid fever. It is also spread by "disease entering through the mouth". Some patients who have recovered from typhoid fever are still contagious because the virus in their bodies has not been cleared. The daily necessities of typhoid patients should be used separately from those of their family members.

5. Liver cancer. This is mainly due to improper cleaning methods, the use of too long, will make the entrance to the chopsticks, become the mouth of the greatest harm, and even breed a class of carcinogens - aflatoxin.

Feel free to follow Dr. Young to learn more.

The first mode of transmission of the hepatitis B virus is through blood. Blood transfusions as well as the application of blood products can cause the spread of the hepatitis B virus if the blood products contain the hepatitis B virus inside. In addition to this, wounds contaminated with blood that contains the hepatitis B virus can also cause the spread of hepatitis B.

In addition to blood alone, there are body fluids, such as semen, vaginal secretions, sweat, and breast milk, which may also contain the hepatitis B virus and so may also be transmitted.

Another common mode of transmission is mother-to-child transmission. This transmission can occur during pregnancy, during labor and delivery, and even after delivery, so newborns whose mothers have hepatitis B need to be immunoglobulin injected immediately after birth to block the infection.

Hepatitis B virus does not spread through the skin or the digestive tract, so it is not a problem to eat together, but it is better not to share chopsticks because in case there is a wound inside the mouth, there is still a risk through saliva. It's fine to eat together and it's better to have one pair of chopsticks for each person.