7 Tips to Prevent Cervical Cancer

Prevention method 1: Keep the vulva clean

As women become adults, especially if they have a boyfriend, it's important to be clean and make sure to maintain hygiene.

For example, often change underwear, couple life before and after careful cleaning ...... Once the vulva suffered an infection, the virus was brought into the body, it will cause a variety of gynecological diseases, and thus increase the prevalence of cervical cancer.

Prevention method 2: Regular gynecological examination

In recent years, cervical cancer has become a "woman killer". Most of the time, cervical cancer occurs without obvious symptoms, so it can only be detected through examination.

Therefore, women are advised to have regular gynecological checkups every year and should also be screened regularly for cervical cancer if they have other cervical diseases or a family history of the disease.

Prevention Method 3: Don't smoke and drink

Smoking is a major cause of cervical cancer, especially in women who have smoked for a long time.

Additionally, women who smoke have a reduced intake of vitamin C. Vitamin C deficiency can lead to a lowered immune system, giving cancer cells a chance to take advantage of the situation.

Therefore, women are advised to quit smoking as soon as possible.

Preventive method 4: late marriage and preferential parenthood

Having a baby is also a high-risk event for a woman and can increase the incidence of cervical cancer.

Therefore, if you want to prevent cervical cancer, it is better for women to marry later and have fewer children.

Prevention method 5: Active treatment of gynecological diseases

In particular, cervicitis and cervical erosion should be treated as soon as they are detected, otherwise they will create the basis for cervical cancer to occur.

Prevention method 6: Change bad lifestyle

Eat less high-calorie and high-fat foods and more dark-colored fruits and vegetables. Research shows that 30-40% of cancers can be prevented by adjusting your diet.

In addition, increased exercise can prevent cervical cancer.

Prevention Method 7: Cervical Cancer Vaccination

The cervical cancer vaccine is now on the market, and while the vaccine isn't a peace of mind, it's still worth it because it prevents at least 70% of cervical cancers.

Women who are eligible are advised to get vaccinated as soon as possible.

Cervical cancer is one of the common gynecological malignant tumors, and its incidence rate is the second highest among female malignant tumors, second only to breast cancer. According to worldwide statistics, there are an estimated 530,000 new cases of cervical cancer each year; there are 10 million cases of highly precancerous cervical cancer in women and 30 million cases of low-grade cervical lesions.

What factors are associated with cervical cancer?

One is persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), which can be detected in 99.7% of cervical cancers;

Secondly, multiple sexual partners, first sexual intercourse <16 years, young age at first birth, multiple pregnancies and multiple births;

Third, other biological factors, such as Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus type II, trichomonas, and other pathogens, which can have a synergistic role in the development of cervical cancer due to high-risk HPV infection;

Fourth, other behavioral or lifestyle factors such as smoking, poor nutrition, and poor hygiene.

What are the main ways to prevent cervical cancer?

The main measures to prevent cervical cancer are HPV vaccination and health education, which is often referred to as primary prevention;

Secondary prevention measures are regular cervical cancer screening for women of the right age and early treatment for diagnosed patients;

Tertiary prevention is appropriate surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and palliative care based on clinical staging.

The World Health Organization recommends thatHPV vaccination is the primary method of preventing cervical cancer.

How to choose a cervical cancer vaccine?

Approved by the State Food and Drug Administration, the bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines were successfully registered in China on July 12, 2016 and May 18, 2017, respectively.

Quadrivalent HPV vaccination is for women aged 20-45 years old, and bivalent HPV vaccination is for women aged 9-25 years old。

Quadrivalent HPV contains viral L1 proteins of types 6, 11, 16, and 18, and bivalent HPV vaccine contains viral L1 proteins of HPV types 16 and 18.

both vaccinesBoth target high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 infectionsThe HPV vaccine has been shown to be effective in preventing cervical cancer, and is highly effective, with both having similar efficacy in preventing cervical cancer. In addition, the quadrivalent HPV vaccine protects against genital warts caused by low-risk HPV 6 and 11.

According to the World Health Organization recommendations, there is no selection preference between the two vaccines, which can be considered on the basis of factors such as accessibility and affordability of the vaccine.

Source: WeChat China Disease Control Dynamic

Gynecological tumors are common diseases among women of childbearing age, and according to the 2013-2014 Guangzhou Tumor Registry Annual Report published by the Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention (GZCDC), the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer among women have increased the fastest. 2013-2014 incidence rate was 14.37/100,000, and mortality rate was 3.19/100,000. Compared with 2007-2009, the incidence rate increased by 19.15% and the mortality rate increased by 38.70%. And statistical analysis found that the preferred age for cervical cancer is 35-40 years old and 55-65 years old.

Gynecological malignant tumors bring great harm to women physically and mentally. In order to strengthen the communication among gynecological tumor patients and improve their quality of life, on the eve of Mother's Day on May 7, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University held a large-scale health knowledge promotion and "Zoji Gynecology Online" WeChat public number promotion activity with the theme of "Care for Health, Guard for Beauty". "On the eve of Mother's Day on May 7, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University held a large-scale health knowledge promotion of the Gynecological Oncology Club and the publicity activity of the WeChat public number of "Zuoji Gynecology Online". The hospital's chief physician Sheng Xiujie, Sun Bin, head nurse Ren Yaxin and other medical staff introduced the knowledge of gynecological oncology, as well as patients in the diet, exercise should pay attention to the problem. The reporter saw that many patients of the tumor club also came to participate in the publicity meeting. In addition to the enthusiastic questions from the patients, the yoga demonstration teaching and game session of the medical staff pushed the atmosphere to the climax.

Major Causes of Cervical Cancer: HPV Infection

Sheng Xiujie introduced that cervical cancer is one of the cancers known to be preventable. Cervical cancer is caused by cervical lesions, which are clinically limited to intraepithelial lesions of the cervix, including inflammation, injury, tumors, and precancerous lesions. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical epithelial lesions; studies have verified that HPV is closely related to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. Simply put, HPV infection causes cervical epitheliopathy, which may develop into cervical cancer.

Low-risk types of HPV do not cause cervical cancer

"Although the relationship between HPV and cervical cancer has been verified, not all HPV causes cervical cancer lesions." Sheng Xiujie said that HPV is currently categorized into low-risk and high-risk types based on its carcinogenicity or lack thereof, and that low-risk types of HPV do not cause cervical cancer. It is known that there are more than 120 types of HPV, more than 30 types are related to reproductive tract infections, of which more than 10 are closely related to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and the development of cervical cancer.

No need to be overly nervous about finding HPV infection during a physical exam

Although HPV infections are more common, these infections are usually transient. That is, about 70% of new cases of HPV infection, which includes high-risk HPV, recover within a year of infection. Only 5-10% of high-risk HPV can show persistent infection status, and then gradually develop into cervical precancerous lesions and even cervical cancer. Sheng Xiu Jie introduction, when the body's immunity is reduced, persistent infection of HPV can not be cleared, the normal cervical cells lesions, followed by growth and division, and gradually "development and growth", and ultimately invade other parts and organs. But from viral infection to the occurrence of cervical cancer, this process often takes years or even more than ten years, there is enough time early prevention and treatment.

According to statistical data projections, 30,000 women died of cervical cancer in China in 2015, which, on average, is about one woman dying of cervical cancer every 15 minutes.

However, China's cervical cancer mortality rate is not that high. A look at the world map shows that Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America are the hardest hit areas.

Figure: Cervical Cancer Mortality Map, Source: WHO IARC, GLOBOCAN 2012.

China is not the hardest hit, but it does need to prevent cervical cancer, and the less the better. According to the American Cancer Society recommendations, all women should begin screening for cervical cancer starting at age 21:

1. Women between the ages of 21 and 29: A Pap test should be done every 3 years. There is no need to test for HPV infection if the Pap test is not abnormal. (This is a statement that will not sit well with the companies that do genetic testing!)
2. Women between the ages of 30 and 65: Pap test and an HPV test every 5 years. A separate Pap test can also be performed every 3 years.
3. Women over 65: Screening for cervical cancer is not necessary for women who have previously been screened regularly with normal results, but women who have been diagnosed with cervical cancer or precancerous lesions should continue to be screened.

In addition, screening is not necessary for women who have had their uterus and cervix removed and who also do not have cervical cancer or precancerous lesions. More frequent cervical cancer screening is needed for women who are at high risk for cervical cancer, including: HIV-infected women, organ transplant recipients, or those exposed to DES drugs.

The Pap test is a traditional method of cervical cancer screening and the most important means of prevention. Another very important method today is vaccination against the HPV virus. HPV infection is detected in 99% of cervical cancer patients, and it is now believed that there is a causal relationship between HPV infection and the development of cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine is now available in China and needs to be administered from the age of 11 or 12, and is only effective if administered as early as possible.

It is worth noting thatWomen who have received the HPV vaccine should still be screened by age.

Mainly throughHPV Vaccine and Cervical Cancer Screeningto prevent.

The HPV vaccine actively prevents infection by certain specific types of HPV viruses. Currently, there are three main types of HPV vaccines, namely bivalent, quadrivalent and nine-valent HPV vaccines. The valence here, indicates the type of HPV virus that can be prevented.

The HPV vaccine is limited in the types of HPV it can prevent (up to 9 types of HPV).

There is no HPV vaccine that can prevent 100% of cervical cancer.

Therefore, even with the HPV vaccine, women over 25 years of age with a history of sexual intercourse are still recommended toRegular cervical cancer screeningScreening methods includeCytology and HPV typing genetic testing.

Cervical cancer is a very high incidence tumor of the female reproductive system. It is second only to breast cancer among malignant tumors in women.

When it comes to cervical cancer, there is no getting around the HPV virus, which is a large, diverse, and pathogenic family that is widespread in nature. About 80% of women's reproductive organs are infected with HPV during their lifetime, and even more if other parts of the body are included.HPV only attacks the epithelial tissues that it comes in contact with. It is only when the epithelial tissue comes into contact with the virus that it has a chance to become infected. There are three conditions for HPV infection: exposure to HPV, minor trauma at the site of contact, and localized immune abnormalities. Sexual behavior is the contact friction of male and female genital organs, which will lead to micro trauma of the skin and mucous membrane of the genital organs, which creates further conditions for HPV infection. Another example is that many people like to scrub their skin hard with a scrubby towel when taking a shower, and as a result, viral infections in the skin area occur.

There are many HPVs that are relevant to women, and the most common high-risk HPV types are 16, 18, 33, 35, 52, 56, 58, etc. Based on their relevance to cervical cancer causation, 85% of cervical cancers are caused by types 16 and 18, which are therefore the highest-risk HPVs.

When it comes to cervical cancer, we are actually no strangers to it. Two celebrities, Li Yuan Yuan and Anita MUI, died young of cervical cancer in 2000 and 2003 respectively. They had such good financial conditions and had access to better medical resources, but they still ended up being incurable. Each of their deaths sparked a small surge in gynecological checkups, which people began to take seriously. It was also the last time a celebrity advocated for health after her death.

What organ is the cervix? What is cervical cancer?

The cervix is the opening of the uterus. It is located at the top of the vagina, where the sperm enters and the fetus is delivered. It can be seen by the doctor during a physical examination with a special examination instrument, a speculum. It is not too difficult to take some surface exfoliated cells (TCT) for a closer look (colposcopy) and further to remove a small piece of tissue for biopsy. What does the cervix look like? It really does look like a donut. Preventing cervical cancer is a donut defense.

The process from HPV infection to the development of cervical cancer is a long one, generally taking 10 years. Therefore, HPV infection peaks during the sexually active period before the age of 30, and cervical cancer begins to increase after the age of 40, peaking at the age of 45 to 55. There is a trend towards earlier onset of cervical cancer, which used to peak between the ages of 55 and 65, due to earlier sexual maturation and earlier onset of sexual behavior. This is an average, not an absolute number, and some people have a shorter period of time and an earlier onset of the disease.

HPV causes cervical cancer by going through the infection - CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) - cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer occurs through three steps, so the prevention of cervical cancer can also set up defense on these three steps.

If we compare HPV to the enemy, then HPV infection is an invasion by the enemy, and the occurrence of high-level CIN is a small-scale destruction of our fortress by the enemy. And the occurrence of cervical cancer is a full-scale attack on our position. To prevent cervical cancer, we need to prevent the enemy from invading - to prevent HPV infection. To get the enemy out before they destroy our stronghold - treat HPV. To repair the stronghold before it is completely destroyed - treat high-grade CIN.

The first line of defense: protection against HPV infection - keeping the enemy at bay.

We need to do everything we can to keep the enemy, HPV, away from us and prevent it from invading the inside of our bodies. The preventive measures against invasion are relatively clear: HPV vaccination, fewer sexual partners and more condoms, and less damage to the cervix.

We human beings have eliminated smallpox, and the credit goes to vaccines. There are many more vaccines in use, BCG to prevent tuberculosis, Hepatitis B to prevent Hepatitis B, DPT to prevent diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus. Rubella vaccine to prevent rubella, influenza vaccine to prevent influenza, and so on, to name a few. Although they have not been able to completely eliminate some infectious diseases, they have greatly reduced the incidence of these infectious diseases.

HPV vaccines have been developed since scientists discovered that HPV is the culprit for cervical cancer. Bivalent, quadrivalent and nine-valent vaccines are now available. The bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines mainly target HPV types 16 and 18, which can prevent 70% of cervical cancers. The newest nine-valent vaccine on the market adds five more subtypes, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58, which cause 20% of cervical cancers, so the nine-valent vaccine can prevent 90% of cervical cancers. Even the new nine-valent vaccine cannot prevent 100% of cervical cancers. Moreover, as of now, only the bivalent vaccine will be available in China this year, and most people do not yet have the opportunity to receive the vaccine at the most appropriate age, so other preventive methods must also be taken.

If you have the opportunity to get vaccinated, choose the quadrivalent vaccine or the nine-valent vaccine if possible. you can get vaccinated after the age of 9 years, and you need to get vaccinated three times, from 0 months to 1 (2) months to 6 months, with a procedure similar to that for the Hepatitis B vaccine. The vaccination program is similar to that of hepatitis B. The vaccination should not be given during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It is advisable to get pregnant six months after the vaccination, but if you get pregnant unexpectedly during the vaccination period, just stop the subsequent vaccination, there is no evidence to prove that it will have an effect on the fetus.The upper age limit for the FDA recommended vaccination is 26 years old, but the vaccine can still be beneficial at a higher age, therefore, Hong Kong recommends that the vaccine is suitable for people under the age of 45 years old.

The vaccine is a preventive vaccine and has no therapeutic effect. Current data suggests that only one vaccination (three shots) is needed in a lifetime, with no booster needed. Having fewer sexual partners and using more condoms can also reduce infections due to HPV carried by the other person. There is evidence that an increase in sexual partners increases the chances of contracting HPV and the chances of developing cervical cancer.

How can I minimize damage to my cervix? Miscarriages, induced abortions, labor and delivery, and cervical surgeries may increase the chance of HPV infection and the likelihood of cervical cancer. There is evidence that people who have more births have a higher risk of developing cervical cancer than those who have fewer births.

Having fewer sexual partners is a way to reduce the chances of HPV getting close to you, condoms are a great wall of defense against the enemy, and getting vaccinated equips us with weapons to defend ourselves when the enemy strikes. Even if you are vaccinated, have only one sexual partner, and use a condom, you can still get HPV. the first line of defense is so easy to break through, so you can only strengthen the second line of defense.

The second line of defense: treating HPV infection - driving the enemy out.

The enemy has invaded, can we destroy or drive them out before they do any damage? How nice it would be if it could! Cervical cancer is a rare outcome of a common HPV infection.HPV infections are so common that about 80% of women are infected with HPV in their lifetime, while the incidence of cervical cancer is about 15/100,000.Why is the difference so dramatic? Because our own immunity removes most of the HPV. The rate of HPV infection is highest before the age of 30 when you are sexually active and then gradually decreases. After age 30 if HPV is not cleared, it can become a persistent infection. And persistent infections are associated with cervical cancer.

Because of our own immunity, we can do this without a single shot and most of our enemies will be eliminated. And it's the enemies that don't get wiped out that are the most dangerous.

To destroy the enemy you have to find the enemy first. How do you find an enemy that is not to be eliminated?

There are many ways to test for HPV. But none of them cover all types of HPV.

1st generation testing method - HPVDNA test. There are many different methods available from different companies.The HC2 method, which contains 14 high-risk subtypes of HPV but does not detect which specific subtype is positive, was first certified in China. The PCR method, which can also be typed for various high-risk subtypes of HPV, contains a number of high-risk and low-risk HPV types, and different products contain different subtypes of HPV. Some tests also allow for quantitative testing to see how much HPV is present. As a patient you may not be able to find out what method the hospital uses, but it doesn't matter, basically the most common method is the 1st generation test.

2nd Generation Test - Tests for the disease-causing E6 and E7 genes of HPV.

The 1st generation HPV test checks for the DNA of the virus, which has a high positive rate and includes many transient infections. Generation 2 checks the RNA of the virus, and the E6 and E7 genes are oncogenes that are of interest for accurate screening.

With the improvement of HPV testing technology, HPV testing is no longer a challenge. The clinical sampling method is also very simple. It means that during gynecological examination, a small brush is used to take shed epithelial cells from the cervix, which are kept in a preservation solution and then sent to the laboratory for testing.

When performing the examination, it is important to pay attention to the following: not to be taken during menstruation, avoid using drugs before the examination, not to be taken after applying iodine or acetic acid when performing colposcopy, not to have sex 48 hours before the examination, and not to place contraceptive pills in the vagina.

Current guidelines recommend that we start HPV screening after the age of 26. This is because of the high rate of transient HPV infections before then.

What if I get tested for HPV after the age of 26? What is the best way to get rid of it? What medications are effective?

Currently there are many medications used in the clinic, Chinese medicine, western medicine, antiviral drugs, etc., and with expensive photodynamic therapy, etc..

Most traditional Chinese medicines and interferon gels have no definite effect. Localized laser therapy and conization of the cervix can destroy and remove the infected epithelial tissue as well as HPV, but if the cervix does not have high-grade intraepithelial lesions, such treatments will kill a thousand enemies and harm eight hundred. When HPV does not cause high-grade CIN, it is not a criminal, but at most a suspect. It is also inappropriate to use heavy punishment on a suspect.

In the future, scientists may find better drugs, or therapeutic vaccines, that effectively remove infected HPV without serious side effects, preventing HPV from having a destructive effect on cervical tissues, and preventing the development of high-grade CIN or cervical cancer in the cervix. However, under the present circumstances, if the suspect has not committed the crime and the cervix has not developed high-grade CIN, we can only observe its behavior and allow it to linger at our doorstep.

Finding an HPV infection is easy; removing it without accidentally damaging the cervix or the body is not. Then we have a third line of defense. : Treating high-grade CIN of the cervix - repairing a compromised fortress

This is the last line of defense against cervical cancer. If this line of defense is tight, it can stop at precancerous cervical lesions. If it is not done well, the enemy will attack and we will collapse, and cervical cancer will be inevitable. Repairing the damage to the fortress starts with being able to detect it in time. To treat high-grade lesions of the cervix one must first be able to detect the lesions in time.

How to detect and diagnose intraepithelial lesions of the cervix? We have principles of screening and diagnosis. To diagnose cervical CIN, we follow a three-step principle. The first step: screening. This is one of the components of a regular physical examination. We follow the cervical cancer screening guidelines of various societies in Europe and the United States for screening methods and intervals.

Screening methods: Cervical cytology (TCT is currently recommended) and combined cervical HPV screening. HPV screening methods have been described previously.

TCT is a cytologic examination of the cervix, which focuses on whether the cellular morphology and nuclear pattern of the cells have become abnormal, and if the cellular morphology and nuclear pattern are abnormal, it indicates that the cervix has become diseased.

Screening for cervical disease generally begins at age 21, and it is important not to start cervical cancer screening too early, regardless of how many years before that you started having sex.

Between the ages of 21 and 30, only a separate TCT test is needed. About once every 3 years, there is no need for excessively frequent tests.

30-65 years old: TCT combined with HPV screening. If all negative, physical examination every 5 years. The frequency mentioned above refers to the case when the tests are all negative. The frequency of checkups should be increased for high-risk groups such as AIDS patients and HPV-infected patients.

There is also now evidence that HPV testing in women over the age of 25 helps to increase the detection of cervical precancerous lesions.

Although there is no uniform rule on when it is appropriate to start HPV testing, HPV testing is still not recommended below the age of 25, and TCT testing is not recommended below the age of 21. Our country also has a women's census as well as physical examination organized by the unit, basically once every two years, the examination items do not include HPV. in addition, some units have a strange rule, gynecological physical examination benefits are only given to married women, women who have received a marriage certificate. In fact, regardless of whether or not they have a marriage license, as long as they have sex, they should start checking.

If any of these are TCT positive or both TCT and HPV positive, further testing and confirmation of the diagnosis is needed - second stage.

Step 2: Colposcopy. Colposcopy is performed by optical magnification coupled with an adjunctive cervical epithelial smear reagent to observe the group

Changes in the texture are diagnosed. A good colposcopist can determine the presence of epithelial lesions of the cervix based on the microscopic findings. If there is a high suspicion of a lesion, a colposcopic biopsy is taken and sent for pathologic examination.

TCT positive report is also divided into many kinds, if it is ASCUS, i.e. cervical epithelium atypical squamous cells, according to the HPV test to decide the later examination, such as HPV-positive, continue to carry out pathological examination, HPV-negative can be temporarily observed, and 3 months to review the TCT.

Third rung of the ladder: pathologic examination. It is the pathologic examination that is the gold standard of diagnosis. The so-called gold standard of diagnosis is a hammer.

However, biopsies have some limitations. Especially non-colposcopic biopsies have limitations. This limitation is that when tissue is taken, it is not taken from the lesion and is missed. Therefore, LEEP surgery and cervical conization can also be used as a screening tool for cervical disease to obtain a larger specimen and prevent missed diagnoses. Especially in the case of HSIL diagnosed by TCT, it is recommended to proceed directly to LEEP of the cervix, except during pregnancy.

With this kind of screening, high-level CIN will not be missed. If you are found to have CIN, it is important to treat it promptly. By treating CIN, the disease is stopped at CIN and cervical cancer does not occur.

Regular screening for cervical disease is the most important means of preventing cervical cancer, so all adult, sexually active women should follow the steps outlined above for cervical disease screening and diagnosis.

Because this diagnosis is gradual, don't be too annoyed or tired of your doctor keeping you on all kinds of tests. The aim is to catch the evidence of HPV's crime and finally bring it to justice and repair the cervix it has destroyed.

(Source from the book "Secrets of the Uterus: A Gynecologist's Handbook", Tsinghua University Press)

Cervical cancer is closely related to HPV infection in the reproductive organs, and HPV infection is a necessary condition for the development of cervical cancer. Sexual behavior is the main way of HPV infection. Early prevention and regular screening are extremely important for women.

1, pay attention to sexual hygiene. Should reach a consensus with the partner, before and after sex to do a good job of cleaning, men can not be ignored, especially pay attention to the cleaning of foreskin scale.

2. Sexual partners should be fixed and condoms should be used when necessary.

3, go out to live in the hotel, it is best not to use the hotel's toiletries, in order to prevent disinfection is not complete caused by HPV infection.

4. Women of the right age can be vaccinated with prophylactic HPV vaccine.

5. Regular screening for cervical cancer should be conducted above the age of 25.

In addition to early prevention, early detection is also very important, 3 signals of early cervical cancer must be noted!

1. Contact bleeding. Contact bleeding is bleeding after the cervix has been touched, and this happens most often when vaginal bleeding occurs after sex. It also occurs during gynecological examination or when you wash your vagina. Once this happens, don't have the mentality of procrastination, and should consult the doctor in time for examination.

2. Irregular vaginal bleeding. There is no clear reason for this condition, and vaginal bleeding occurs during non-menstrual periods. Or it is manifested as increased menstrual flow and prolonged menstrual period. Or vaginal bleeding starts after menopause. The amount of bleeding may be more or less, in this case, please check and clarify as soon as possible.

3. Abnormal vaginal discharge. Also

It is when there is an abnormality in the leukorrhea, which has a fishy odor, is white or bloody, thin like water or rice slop. The earlier the cervical cancer is detected, then the higher the chance of cure, the longer the future life span and the better the quality of life. So no matter men and women should pay more attention to each other's health. Get screened regularly and see a doctor if you find any abnormality.

Dr. Xiaohua Wu, Chief Physician of the Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, replied:

The incidence rate of cervical cancer has been decreasing for half a century in western developed countries, which is mainly due to the popularization of cervical cancer screening. Generally speaking, women need to have the concept of cervical screening, women over 21 years old who have sexual life should have regular gynecological examination, women with symptoms should seek medical treatment in time, so as to achieve early diagnosis and early treatment, the occurrence of cervical cancer is not an overnight thing, there is a relatively long process, in the cervix before the occurrence of invasive carcinoma there are usually pre-cancerous lesions occurring, screening can be found in the cervix pre-cancerous lesions, early treatment can be avoided. Screening can detect precancerous lesions of the cervix, and early treatment can prevent invasive cancer from occurring.

Current screening methods include cervical exfoliative cell testing in combination with high-risk HPV testing, and some studies have shown that high-risk HPV testing can also be used alone as an initial screening method for cervical cancer under certain conditions. Another preventive measure is preventive vaccination for cervical cancer. Currently, the vaccine's preventive effect on cervical cancer targets the two main types of high-risk HPV, which cause most cervical cancers, but the currently designed vaccine does not cover other types of high-risk HPV, and neither of the two types of vaccines marketed in foreign countries has been formally marketed in mainland China.

Don't obsess, Dr. Chan teaches you ways to prevent cervical cancer.

It is well known that HPV is a major contributor to cervical cancer. However, before the discovery of the relationship between HPV and cervical cancer, there were many high risk factors for cervical cancer, which now seem to be just high risk factors that will increase the duration of HPV infection and cause persistent HPV infection. For example, early sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, circumcision of sexual partners, chronic STDs, autoimmune deficiencies, smoking, long-term use of hormonal drugs, and so on.You can check the above risks against the above risks.

The recent hot cervical cancer vaccine is also a good thing, before the age of 45 years old women, regardless of whether they have sex or not are recommended to take. 9-valent vaccine is said to prevent 90% of the cervical cancer Oh ~ ~.

Next, it's time to get to the point of the day:The most important way to prevent cervical cancer - cervical screening. Whether you've been vaccinated or not, it's important to get regular cervical screenings to reduce your chances of getting cervical cancer.methodologiesYes: TCT every three years from 21-29 years old after a history of sexual intercourse, TCT + HPV every five years from 30-65 years old, and prompt treatment for problems encountered during the screening process. For details, you can read my previous science article, which is in my list of articles.

Well, that's all I have to say ~ I hope you can absorb it and live it. I wish you all to stay away from cancer.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignant tumors, and its prevalence ranks first among malignant tumors of female reproductive system. Nowadays, the age of cervical cancer patients in Liaoning and even in the whole country has a tendency to be younger. From 2005 to 2009, the proportion of cervical cancer patients under the age of 35 was 15.7%, while 30 years ago, the proportion was only 2.8%. Now, the number of new cases of cervical cancer in China reaches 130,000 per year, accounting for 28% of the world's cases, and 50,000 people die every year as a result.

Turning to the local situation in Liaoning, in 2016, 24 out of every 100,000 urban women in Liaoning had the disease, with a gradual increase in prevalence from the age of 30 years, peaking at the age of 50 years.

The peak incidence at age 50 is a relief to some young people, but nationally, it is anything but a relief. Nationally, the incidence of cervical cancer shows a double-peak trend, with the first peak occurring between the ages of 15 and 24, and the second around the age of 40.

Look at the first peak, 15-24 years old, which is the stage of junior high school and college students. The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shengjing Hospital has seen a 16-year-old patient with cervical cancer. Therefore, it is very necessary to raise students' awareness of cancer prevention. The key to preventing cancer lies in prevention, in fact, the incidence rate of cervical cancer is decreasing in developed countries, while we are not doing a good job in prevention, which leads to an increase in the incidence rate instead of a decrease.

How exactly can cervical cancer be prevented?

Experts say so:

1, the first point is to early screening, because cervical intraepithelial lesions and early cervical cancer can be detected early through screening, from HPV infection to cervical lesions to cervical cancer takes 5-10 years. It is recommended that sexually active women undergo cervical screening by cervical cytology or TCT at least once every two years. If lesions are detected, they should be treated immediately.

2. Early vaccination against cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is the only cancer that can be prevented by vaccination. The World Health Organization also recommends that young women be vaccinated as early as possible to prevent cervical cancer, because these women have not yet begun their sexual life, and their chances of being infected with HPV are extremely low, so the vaccine is the most effective. The bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines are now available locally in Liaoning, and women between the ages of 9 and 45 years old can get either vaccine.