In China, most people understand that anti-inflammatory drugs are antibiotics, and antibiotics are anti-inflammatory drugs. In fact, this is a wrong understanding.

Antibiotics are only for bacterial infections. Strictly speaking antibiotics are only drugs with antimicrobial effects produced by the metabolism of microorganisms, such as penicillin, which is produced by Penicillium. However, many of the current antibacterial drugs are synthetic, such as quinolone antibacterial drugs. Therefore, the clinic generally can be antibacterial drugs are collectively referred to as antibacterial drugs, covering antibiotics as well as synthetic antibacterial drugs.

So which are classified as antimicrobials?

There are many different kinds of this one by category.

Penicillins: e.g. penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin.

Cephalosporins: drugs with the word cephalosporin in their name belong to the cephalosporin group. Such as cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefixime.

Macrolides: erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, etc.

Lincosamides: clindamycin, lincomycin.

Aminoglycosides: gentamicin, amikacin.

Quinolones: Drugs with the word Farsin in their name fall into this category. For example, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin.

Glycopeptides: vancomycin

Carbapenems: imipenem, meropenem, etc.

Nitroimidazoles: metronidazole, ornidazole, tinidazole, etc.

And what are the so-called anti-inflammatory drugs?

Anti-inflammatory drugs are generally non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory drugs. Symptoms of inflammation are characterized by redness, swelling, heat and pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and diclofenac. They have antipyretic and analgesic anti-inflammatory effects.

Glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory drugs: such as dexamethasone, prednisone, prednisone, etc., can regulate the immune response, inhibit the release of inflammatory factors, so as to achieve the anti-inflammatory effect.

In a nutshell, antimicrobials are only for bacterial infections, if there is no bacterial infection there is no need to use antimicrobials. For example, where our body accidentally bumped, redness and swelling, or cold and no secondary bacterial infection, just sore throat, headache. At this time there is no need for antibacterial drugs, only need to use some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen pain relief and anti-inflammatory can be.

Antibiotics are secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms (including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes) or higher plants and animals during the growth process that selectively inhibit the growth or reproduction of bacteria and other microorganisms at low concentrations, as well as their chemically semisynthesized or wholly synthesized derivatives.

Antibiotics used to be called antimicrobials once before, but in fact, antibiotics not only kill bacteria, but also have good inhibition and killing effect on other disease-causing microorganisms such as mold, mycoplasma, chlamydia, spirochetes, rickettsiae, etc. Later on, antimicrobials were renamed as antibiotics.

Are antibiotics and antimicrobials the same thing? Antibiotics emphasize the metabolites (natural products) originating from microorganisms, so if it is a synthetic drug against pathogens, such as levofloxacin for quinolones, cotrimoxazole for sulfonamides, metronidazole for nitroimidazoles, and furazolidone for nitrofurans (diabetic acid), they are not strictly antibiotics, and should be called antimicrobial drugs. Thus, the concept of antimicrobial drugs is broader than antibiotics and includes both antibiotics and synthetic antipathogens.

Antibiotics are often classified according to their action characteristics and chemical structure, such as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-parasite, anti-tumor antibiotics, as well as β-lactam, aminoglycoside, macrolide, tetracyclic, peptide and polyene antibiotics.

1 Penicillins: e.g. penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, etc;

2 Cephalosporins: e.g. cephalexin, cefradine, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefdinir, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, ceftazidime, cefoperazone;

3 Other β-lactams: cefminox, radox cephalosporin, meropenem, amitraz, etc;

4 Beta-lactamase inhibitors: sulbactam, clavulanate potassium, triazobactam, etc;

5 Aminoglycosides: streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, amikacin, eticlopidine, nertilmicin, isopamycin, and others;

6 Tetracyclines: tetracycline, chlortetracycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, etc;

7 Macrolides: erythromycin, roxithromycin, madecassicin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and others;

8 Chloramphenicol: chloramphenicol, methicillin;

9 Glycopeptides: vancomycin, norethindrone vancomycin, ticlopidine;

10 Lincomycins: lincomycin, clindamycin;

11 Polymyxins: polymyxins;

12 Other antibiotics: fosfomycin, neomycin, fusidic acid, linezolid, etc;

13 Antibiotics with antitumor effects: bleomycin, pingyangmycin, adriamycin, pyranomycin, epimycin, etc;

14 Antifungal antibiotics: amphotericin B, etc.

There is a wide range of antibiotics.need to be applied under the supervision of a physician.Do not buy and use on your own to avoid developing bacterial resistance.

Anti-inflammatory drugs are not antibiotics. In fact, anti-inflammatory drugs are short for "antipyretic and analgesic anti-inflammatory drugs" in the concept of medicine, which is a common misunderstanding of the definition of antibiotics. In real life, people use antibiotics for infections and find that the symptoms of inflammation, such as redness, swelling, heat, and pain, gradually disappear, so they often mistakenly refer to "antibacterials" and "antibiotics" as "anti-inflammatory drugs". So often "antibacterial drugs" and "antibiotics" are mistakenly called "anti-inflammatory drugs". Anti-inflammatory drugs have antipyretic, analgesic, antirheumatic and anti-inflammatory effects, and they are symptomatic treatments for inflammatory conditions such as redness, swelling, heat and pain. Anti-inflammatory drugs only treat the symptoms but not the root cause, can not kill germs. Common anti-inflammatory drugs include aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, diclofenac, and nimesulide.

Antibiotics are a class of secondary metabolites or synthetic or semi-synthetic analogs that can interfere with or affect the normal growth, development and function of specific biological cells, and are produced by certain microorganisms (including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, etc.) in the course of their life activities, and have antipathogenic or other activities. Since 1943, penicillin has been used in clinical practice, and now there are several thousand types of antibiotics. Clinically used antibiotics, its classification includes β-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol, glycopeptides, antifungal, antitumor, anti-tuberculosis and immunosuppressive, of which the first six classes of antibiotics are based on antibacterial effects, and most people do not know that antitumor drugs (Adriamycin, etc.) and immunosuppressive drugs (cyclosporine, etc.) also belong to the antibiotics. People more commonly used antibiotics with antibacterial effects are penicillins (amoxicillin and other kinds of cillin), cephalosporins (cefprozil, cefuroxime, etc.), azithromycin and so on.

The concept of antibacterial drugs and antibiotics is not the same as that of antibiotics, which are overlapping and different. Antibacterial drugs in the "clinical application of antimicrobial drugs management approach" refers to the treatment of bacteria, chlamydia, mycoplasma, spirochetes, rickettsiae, fungi and other pathogenic microorganisms caused by infectious diseases pathogenic drugs, excluding the treatment of parasitic diseases, tuberculosis and a variety of viruses caused by infectious diseases of the drug as well as antibacterial effect of the Chinese medicine preparations. Antibacterial drugs include various antibacterial antibiotics and chemically synthesized drugs such as imidazoles, nitroimidazoles, quinolones and sulfonamides.

References:

[1] Qian ZY. Pharmacology [M] 3rd ed. Beijing: China Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Press, 2009.

[2] National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China. Measures for the Management of Clinical Application of Antimicrobial Drugs (Ministry of Health Decree No. 84) [EB/OL]. http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/yzygj/s3593/201205/e5efd852b86c4afa8b09a0e58e09e10e.shtml.

[3] HUANG Weijia, ZHOU Xiaozhou. Identification of "antibiotic", "antimicrobial" and "anti-inflammatory"[J]. China Science and Technology Terminology, 2014, 16 (3): 36-38.

Author：Li Chunyu Unit：Clinical Pharmacy Department, Fengtai Hospital, Beijing, China, Member of Pharmaceutical Affairs Network

The authoritative interpretation of Pharmaceutical Affairs, unauthorized reproduction, plagiarism will be punished.

Antibiotics, first and foremost, are a class of secondary metabolites with antipathogenic or other activity produced by microorganisms (including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes spp.) or higher plants and animals during the course of their lives that interfere with the developmental functions of other living cells.

This metabolite is frankly a bacteria that is used as a way to fight the bacteria produced by the infection in the body. When the bacteria produced by an infection in the body are weak, antibiotic drugs are able to destroy them. But antibiotic resistance occurs when the bacteria change in response to the use of these drugs. When antibiotic resistance develops, these bacteria can infect humans and animals, and the infections they cause are more difficult to treat than those caused by non-resistant bacteria.

Given the misuse of antibiotics in recent years, which has led to increasing antibiotic resistance, the antibiotics used to treat them are becoming less effective. More and more infectious diseases are becoming more difficult to treat.

We would like to remind you that non-bacterial infections cannot be treated with antibiotics. It is easy to confuse anti-inflammatory drugs with painkillers, but only in the case of bacterial infections can antibiotics be used to reduce inflammation.

As for whether your inflammation is caused by bacteria, it is necessary for your physician to make a professional diagnosis and judgment, and do not take the initiative to buy or ask your physician to prescribe antibiotics to avoid giving bacteria a chance to grow.

Learn what antibiotic medications are next:

Antibiotics can basically be categorized into two main groups, those that inhibit the growth of a pathogen and those that kill it directly. They can be used to treat most bacterial infectious diseases. There are several major classes of antibiotics:

Beta-lactam antibioticsThe most varieties and wider applications are divided into two parts:

①Penicillins:

Commonly used varieties include penicillin sodium, penicillin potassium, ampicillin sodium, amoxicillin, piperacillin, penicillin V potassium and others

Penicillin antibiotics have minimal toxicity and are the antibiotics with the greatest chemotherapeutic index, but their allergic reactions common to penicillin antibiotics are the most severe of the various drugs. Intradermal tests must be done first for the use of penicillin antibiotics.

② Cephalosporins:

This class of antibiotics has developed rapidly since its clinical application in the era of the increasingly widespread use.

Commonly used varieties include cefadroxil, cefazolin, cefradine, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and cefoperazone.

Aminoglycoside antibiotics:

Commonly used varieties include streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nertilmicin, and kanamycin.

Aminoglycoside antibiotics are stable in nature, generally broad antibacterial, and kill sensitive bacteria in the presence of oxygen.

Aminoglycosides are known for their serious adverse effects, and the best known of the many adverse effects is severe ototoxicity, followed by nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular blocking effects, and allergic reactions.

Macrolide antibiotics:

Commonly used varieties include erythromycin, erythromycin ethylsuccinate, erythromycin roxithromycin, madithromycin, acetylspiramycin, and guarithromycin.

Macrolide antibiotics contain a 12-16 carbon macrolide ring, which is a bacteriostatic agent, but it also has bactericidal effect in high concentration, and is only suitable for mild to moderate infections. Erythromycin is one of the safest antibiotics. Erythromycin is a representative of macrolide antibiotics, which is widely used in the clinic, and it is often used to treat people who are allergic to penicillin.

Tetracycline antibiotics:

Commonly used varieties include tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline.

Tetracycline can be used to treat infections of the respiratory tract, middle ear, sinuses, and urinary tract, as well as gonorrhea. It is especially used for patients who are allergic to macrolide antibiotics and beta-lactam antibiotics.

Dentin staining caused by administration of drugs of the tetracycline group can be deposited in developing bone and teeth, and repeated use can lead to bone hypoplasia, yellowing of the teeth, and enamel hypoplasia, with the greatest risk occurring from mid-pregnancy to 3 years of age, and continuing to 7 years of age and beyond. Contraindicated for pregnant and lactating women and children under 8 years of age.

Chloramphenicol (fully synthetic antibiotic):

Commonly used varieties are: chloramphenicol.

Chloramphenicol antibiotics are characterized by high fat solubility, easy access to cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue, and are effective against many pathogens, but can induce aplastic anemia. Chloramphenicol is recommended when other safer antibiotics cannot be used.

In addition, artificial fully synthetic antimicrobial agents that are neither microbial secretions nor their analogs are available:

Quinolones: haloperidol, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, etc.

Sulfonamides: sulfadiazine, cotrimoxazole, etc.

Sulfonamides, as antibacterial drugs, are mainly used to treat conditions caused by bacterial infections. However, sulfonamides have a high risk of causing adverse reactions and are not commonly used in clinical practice.

He is the director of the department, deputy chief physician, member of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, contributing editorial board member of the Chinese Clinician's Journal, and reviewer of the Journal of Practical Heart, Brain, Lung and Vascular Diseases.

Under the tutelage of renowned neurosurgeon Prof. Hong Tao, he has devoted himself to the clinical, teaching and scientific research of neurosurgery, and has a profound and solid foundation in neurosurgery, with rich experience in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of common, frequent and difficult diseases of the nervous system.

Since then, he has been engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of various types of hydrocephalus, various serious intracranial infections and neurosurgery-related diseases, and has mastered a full set of "cerebrospinal fluid neurosurgery specialization techniques," and is a leader in the treatment of various types of hydrocephalus, various heavy central nervous system infections (septic ventriculitis, ventricular pus, and parenchymal infections), and cerebrospinal fluid leakage of all types. 治疗方面，居国内外领先地位。

Antimicrobials are drugs used to treat infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. They mainly include antibacterials, antifungals, and antivirals.

Antimicrobials are drugs that inhibit or kill bacteria, including antibiotics and synthetic antimicrobials (sulfonamides and quinolones, etc.).

Antibiotics are substances produced by various microorganisms (including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes spp.) that kill or inhibit other microorganisms.Antibiotics are categorized into natural antibiotics, which are produced by microorganisms, and synthetic antibiotics, which are semi-synthetic products obtained by structural modification of natural antibiotics.

Classification of antibiotics:

I. Beta-lactam antibiotics

Beta-lactam antibiotics are a class of antibiotics that contain a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure. They include penicillins, cephalosporins, atypical β-lactams and β-lactamase inhibitors. This class of antibiotics is clinically used with strong antibacterial activity, wide antibacterial range, low toxicity, high efficacy, wide range of indications and many varieties.

II. Macrolides, lincosamides and peptide antibiotics.

macrolideIt is a class of antibiotics with antimicrobial effects containing 14, 15 and 16 elemental macrolide rings. Its efficacy is certain, without serious adverse effects, and it is commonly used as the drug of choice for infections with aerobic G+ bacteria, G-cocci, and anaerobes, as well as an alternative for patients who are allergic to β-lactam antibiotics.

$1.14 macrolides:: Includes erythromycin, dicentromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, dicentromycin, telithromycin, quinambucil, and others.

$2.15 macrolides: Includes azithromycin.

$3.16 macrolides:: Includes madithromycin, acetylmadithromycin, guarithromycin, acetylguarithromycin, sympathomycin, spiramycin, acetylspiramycin, and rotenomycin.

Lincomycin antibiotics include lincomycin and clindamycin. Lincomycin is produced by Streptomyces, and clindamycin is a semi-synthetic product in which the hydroxyl group at position 7 in the lincomycin molecule is replaced by a chloride ion. The two drugs have the same antimicrobial spectrum and antimicrobial mechanism, but clindamycin is commonly used in the clinic because its oral absorption, antimicrobial activity, toxicity, and clinical efficacy are superior to that of lincomycin.

Peptide antibiotics include vancomycin, norethindrone vancomycin, ticlopidine, polymyxins, and mycopeptides.

III. Aminoglycoside antibiotics.

Aminoglycoside antibiotics are named for their chemical structure, which contains an aminol ring and an aminosugar molecule linked by a ligand chain to form a glycoside. They include two major groups:

1. Natural sources: Produced by Streptomyces and Microcystis, e.g., streptomycin, kanamycin, tobramycin, baronomycin, macromycin, ribomycin, neomycin, gentamicin, minocycline, cesomycin, acemetacin.

2. Semi-synthetic:: Netilmicin, etilmicin, isopamicin, kanamycin B, amikacin, dibekacin, abekacin, and others.

IV. Tetracyclines and chloramphenicol.

tetracycline (antibiotic): Tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and demeclocycline belong to the group of natural tetracyclines; metacycline, doxycycline and minocycline belong to the group of semi-synthetic tetracyclines.

clindamycin: Includes chloramphenicol and methicillin.

V. Synthetic antimicrobials.

1. Sulfonamides antimicrobials: Sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, salazosulfapyridine, silver sulfadiazine, sodium sulfacetamide.

2. Quinolone antimicrobials：

First generation: nalidixic acid. Second generation: Pipecolic acid. Third generation: norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, flerofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and so on. Fourth generation: moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, galefloxacin, etc.

3. Other synthetic antimicrobials: Methotrexate, furotoxin, furazolidone, metronidazole.

Different antibiotics have different mechanisms of action on bacteria, and the following diagram illustrates the mechanism of action of common antibacterial drugs:

Hello, this question I can answer you, I am a pharmacist in charge, I hope my answer is helpful to you, welcome to pay attention. Any questions about medication, please leave a message or private message, will certainly reply!

Antibiotics are a class of secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms (including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes) or higher plants and animals in the course of their lives that have antipathogenic or other activities that interfere with the developmental functions of other cells.

1. Quinolone antibiotics

Such as norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, pefloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, sparfloxacin, moxifloxacin, and so on.

2. Sulfonamide antibiotics

Examples include sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfasalazine, salazosulfapyridine, silver sulfadiazine, and sulfacetamide sodium.

3. Beta-lactam antibiotics

Examples include penicillin, benzathine, ampicillin, amoxicillin, pimecillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and meloxicillin.

4. Cephalosporin antibiotics

There are four generations, such as cefazolin sodium, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefpadone, cefradine, cefoxitin, cefepime, cefixime, and others.

5. Other beta-lactam antibiotics

Examples include sulbactam, imipenem, amitriptan, and thanapenem.

6. Macrolide antibiotics

Such as erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, etc.

7. Lincomycin and clindamycin

8. Vancomycin, degavancomycin, ticlopidine, fosfomycin, etc.

9. Aminoglycosides

e.g. Streptomycin, Gentamicin, Neomycin, Kanamycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, etc.

10. Tetracycline antibiotics

e.g. tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, etc.

11. Chloramphenicol, which is less commonly used today.

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Any questions about medication, please leave a comment or private message and be sure to respond!

The above is for reference only and is not to be used as a basis for medication or diagnosis, please consult a regular hospital for details!

Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs are two completely different things, and the reason why the people are confused is because some doctors also unintentionally confuse these two concepts.

Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial infections, and anti-inflammatory drugs are used to eliminate inflammation. Inflammation and bacterial infection are two different things in themselves. Inflammation is a reaction of our body due to some kind of lesion, such as the familiar symptoms of redness, heat, swelling, pain, etc. Infection is a lesion caused by external bacteria that have entered our body, for example, bacteria infecting the lungs will cause pneumonia and bronchitis.

Infections can cause inflammation, but inflammation is not necessarily an infection. Other causes, such as allergies, tumors, and rheumatoid rheumatoid can also cause inflammation.

Antibiotics are for bacterial infections, once the bacterial infection is controlled, the inflammation caused by the infection will also disappear; anti-inflammatory drugs are directly for inflammation, that is, directly eliminate the symptoms of redness, heat, swelling, pain, etc., the inflammation is controlled, but not necessarily the infection does not exist. Therefore, these two types of drugs should not be confused in the application.

Antibiotics are mainly secondary metabolites or synthetic analogs produced by bacteria, molds, or other microorganisms. They are mainly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections or infections of pathogenic microorganisms, and generally do not cause side effects, but the misuse of antibiotics is prohibited.

So what are the common antibiotics? They can be broadly categorized into 8 groups.

1. Aminoglycosides

Common ones are gentamicin, amikacin, streptomycin, etc... This type of antibiotic is more stable in nature and is broadly antibacterial and strong. In the presence of oxygen, it acts as a sterilizing agent against sensitive bacteria, but the therapeutic index is slightly lower than other antibiotics.

2. Tetracyclic antibiotics

The most common tetracycline, oxytetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline, etc... These antibiotics have more adverse reactions and can be deposited in developing bones and teeth, which can lead to skeletal underdevelopment and dental hypoplasia, and are contraindicated in pregnant women and pediatrics.

3. Lactam antibiotics

This variety of the most, the most widely used, divided into two parts: 1. Penicillin (five elements of cyclic lactam), common penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, piperacillin; 2. Cephalosporin (six elements of cyclic lactam), common cefazolin sodium, cefradine, ceftriaxone sodium, cef and other...

4. Macrolactam

The common ones are erythromycin, roxithromycin, and guillamycin... This class of antibiotics is mainly bacteriostatic and is only suitable for mild to moderate infections, but is one of the safest antibiotics available. Erythromycin is represented for this purpose, and many pregnant women in dire need of antibiotics can use them.

5. Aminomycin

The common chloramphenicol is the representative of this antibiotic. This class of antibiotics has high fat solubility, easily enters the cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissues, and has a wide range of effectiveness against the pathogens, but it is prone to inducing aplastic anemia, and so its application is more limited.

6. Lincomycin

Clindamycin, Lincomycin, etc...

7. Quinolones

The clinically common oxyfloxacin, haloperidol, and lomefloxacin...

8. Other antibiotics

Vancomycin, rifampicin, etc...

Anti-inflammatory antibiotics, but not a little inflammation is to use antibiotics, the body has a certain anti-inflammatory resistance mechanism, we have to be careful with antibiotics, so that antibiotics really benefit mankind. I wish you good health.

As shown in the figure, antibiotics can be categorized into the following main types according to their site of action:

1. affects cytoplasmic membrane permeability;

2. Inhibits DNA synthesis;

3. Affects folate metabolism;

4. affects RNA synthesis;

5. Affects protein synthesis;

6. Inhibits cell wall synthesis.

A common misconception about medication is that some people take antibiotics to treat a cold when they have a viral cold. But the structure of the virus and bacteria are very different, for example, the virus has no cell wall, there is no molding cell membrane, so the role of the cell wall of the penicillin, cephalosporin is not helpful.