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I'm Dr. Long in Infectious Diseases, and this warm and fuzzy text below will hopefully give you a primer on mycoplasma infections.

Mycoplasma is one of nature's ubiquitousprokaryoteThe obvious difference between mycoplasma and bacteria is that mycoplasma does not have a cell wall.

Mycoplasmas are the smallest microorganisms that can survive on their own.

The common pathogenic mycoplasmas, which are divided into two main groups:

One that leads toMycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory tract infectionsInfected outside the hospital.community-acquired pneumonia.Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the very important causes of the disease.

another.Mycoplasma genitalium, such as Mycoplasma lupus urealyticum, which is one of the major causes of nongonococcal urethritis.Often capable of causing inflammation of the urinary and reproductive systems.Examples include cervicitis, pyelonephritis, cystitis and urethritis, to name a few.

Since mycoplasmas are very small, invisible under a light microscope, and difficult to culture, diagnosis is mainly based on nucleic acid, antigen, and antibody tests, or in combination with typical clinical manifestations.

• Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most common causes of respiratory disease in humans. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a short rod-shaped microorganism with no cell wall.

Precisely because there is no cell wall, it is undetectable in the Gram staining assay.

We commonly used penicillin and cephalosporins, the main role is to inhibit bacterial synthesis, to achieve antibacterial effect, Mycoplasma pneumoniae does not have a cell wall.With penicillin and cephalosporins there is no effect.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is transmitted from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets, and the incubation period after infection averages 2 to 3 weeks.

However, most infected people are usually asymptomatic and have a latent infection.

Symptomatic infected individuals with upper respiratory tract infections, acute bronchitis, and pneumonia will present with cough, pharyngitis, runny nose, ear pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.

• Mycoplasma genitalium (parasitic bacteria)

Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma detritis, areNormal genital tract flora in many sexually active men and women.. The prevalence of these mycoplasmas is higher in sexually active people.

Major diseases associated with Mycoplasma solani and others include pelvic inflammatory disease, postpartum or postabortion fever, pyelonephritis, sepsis, wound infections, joint infections, and many more.

However, it is non-gonococcal urethritis that has attracted the most public attention; for women, it may be associated with poor pregnancy outcomes.

• Treatment of Mycoplasma infections

With both types of mycoplasma, most are effective with macrolide antibiotics, such as azithromycin.

The choice of specific drugs is determined by the results of drug sensitivity tests. In the case of Mycoplasma genitalium, once detected, it is recommended that both spouses undergo some testing thatDepending on the specific situation, it is decided whether two people need to be treated at the same time.

In terms of personal health care, the main thing is to pay attention to sexual hygiene, drink more water, avoid spicy and stimulating food during the onset of the disease, and prohibit sexual intercourse. Change underwear frequently and maintain good hygiene habits.

summarize

There are two types of infections caused by Mycoplasma. One of them is the pathogen that causes pneumonia and is transmitted through the respiratory tract, while the other, commonly known as genitourinary mycoplasma, is related to sexual behavior. The two should not be confused. But their treatment medications are basically similar.Paying attention to personal hygiene and avoiding unclean sex are important preventive measures.

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Mycoplasma is a group of smallest prokaryotic cellular microorganisms that lack a cell wall, are polymorphic, and can pass through filters and grow and multiply on inanimate media. Mycoplasma belongs to the kingdom Bacteria, phylum Flexibacteria, order Flexibacteria, order Mycoplasma, and family Mycoplasma. The family Mycoplasma is divided into two genera: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma. Mycoplasma has 122 species and 4 subspecies, and Ureaplasma has 7 species. Mycoplasma infecting humans mainly include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma penetrans, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitalium.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae mainly invades the human respiratory tract and is one of the main pathogens of acute respiratory infections in adolescents, which can occur throughout the year. Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitalium mainly cause infections in the genitourinary system, which can lead to nongonococcal urethritis, vaginitis, cervicitis, prostatitis, epididymitis and infertility. Mycoplasma penetrans is mostly seen in AIDS patients.

For the treatment of mycoplasma, standardization and a sufficient course of therapy are very important. Sensitization tests can be performed to identify the antibiotics to which Mycoplasma is susceptible. Choosing the right antibiotic after weighing the toxicity and sensitivity can be twice as effective. For example, Mycoplasma pneumoniae is sensitive to macrolides such as azithromycin, roxithromycin, erythromycin, and erythromycin. Quinolones are more effective in genitourinary tract infections. Good luck with your health.

Mycoplasma, which is a microorganism between viruses and bacteria in size, is called mycoplasma because of its ability to form filamentous and branched shapes. Mycoplasma is widely distributed in nature in a variety of organisms, there are many species, but most of them do not cause disease. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the pathogenic mycoplasmas, because of its special structure, it is easy to adhere to the surface of the epithelial cells of the respiratory mucosa, causing lung infections.

The characteristics of the current domestic medical environment have led to the abuse of antibiotics, and people's resistance to all types of diseases is getting weaker and weaker, resulting in more and more people being infected by Mycoplasma, especially children whose immune systems are not yet well developed, and who are even more susceptible to the disease!

Many people think that mycoplasma infection is mycoplasma pneumonia, but it is not! It takes about 2 weeks from the infection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to the appearance of clinical symptoms, most of the symptoms are cough, fever, but the symptoms are mild, oral medication can be cured; but there are still about close to one tenth of the children will slowly develop into Mycoplasma pneumonia, the initial stage, the symptoms are similar to the flu, sore throat, headache, fever, malaise, muscle aches and pains, etc., the temperature is usually less than 38 ℃ when the fever is present; About two days or so the patient will have cough symptoms, and mostly irritating dry cough, no sputum or cough a small amount of sputum.

Once into the pneumonia will have to infusion treatment, azithromycin is currently the most widely used a kind of anti-Mycoplasma pneumoniae drugs, in general, at least 2 to 3 courses of treatment, each course of 7 days, because of the metabolic characteristics of the azithromycin, usually the first four days of the use of the drug, the last three days of rest, that is, what is often referred to as the "hit four stop three! "! But many parents found that even if the child infusion treatment for several courses of treatment, still found positive Mycoplasma pneumoniae, they will even be in the requirement of the hospital to continue to give the child infusion, in fact, this is completely unnecessary, because Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies once generated, will exist in the body for more than half a year, and some even longer, so that as long as the child is no longer symptomatic, there is no need to go to do the examination, and even less need to use the drug!

After treatment, some children will still have some Mycoplasma pneumoniae in their airways, which can return once conditions are right, so some children are prone to recurrent episodes!

Most of the time, the people who are infected by Mycoplasma pneumoniae are children under the age of 15, but in recent years, due to the overuse of antibiotics, people's resistance to diseases is getting weaker and weaker, and now there are already a lot of old people and even young people who are infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which is something to think about!

The above is purely personal, do not spray if you do not like it!

Seeing this question as a clinical pediatrician, I wanted to answer it because mycoplasma infection is one of the most common respiratory infectious diseases in children.

What type of microorganism is Mycoplasma?

Mycoplasmas are a specialized group of microorganisms whose appearance and characteristics are intermediate between those of bacteria and viruses.

A microscopic organism that is polymorphic because it has no cell wall structure and can pass through a type of filter. Mycoplasma is a smallest prokaryotic cellular microorganism that has no culture medium, yet grows and reproduces readily. Mycoplasma belongs to the Mycoplasma family of the bacterial domain.

Why is Mycoplasma susceptible to infecting children?

Mycoplasma mainly attacks the respiratory tract of children and is one of the main pathogens of acute respiratory infections in adolescents. As described earlier, because Mycoplasma has no cell wall and is diverse and tiny, and has a filter, it is easy to colonize the respiratory tract of children, where the mucous membranes are very tender and the lumen of the right bronchus is short and straight, so it causes infections.

What are the characteristics of Mycoplasma infectiosum pneumonia in children?

1. Fever that lasts for 1 to 3 weeks with high body temperature and starts with atypical general respiratory symptoms, therefore, it is easy to treat it as other febrile illnesses.

2. The initial cough is atypical, usually without sputum, and the cough continues to worsen in the later stages, making it easy to mistake it for a whooping cough-like cough.

3, lung auscultation and X-ray chest radiographs obviously do not match, that is, the general mycoplasma infection inflammation is mostly interstitial lung infection, and alveolar inflammatory exudation is not obvious, so the lung auscultation is no rales, and only X-ray chest radiographs can show the shadow of patchy lobar pneumonia changes.

4, if the routine application of general antibiotics is ineffective, only macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin and azithromycin will be effective.

5. The serum mycoplasma antibody titer is positive when it increases exponentially.

So, usually doctors will consider these aspects. If a school-age child has a fever for a long period of time and does not get better with the usual treatments, it is important to actively go to the hospital for treatment.

Clinically, we often find patients with mycoplasma infections, and many people wonder, is it a bacteria? Is it a virus? What is mycoplasma?

Mycoplasma pneumonia is a common diagnosis in infants and young children who present with fever and cough. It causes infections of the respiratory tract, and commonly of the reproductive system.

Some female patients, presenting with infections of the reproductive system, are diagnosed with Mycoplasma infection. When they first get it, they are puzzled, what is mycoplasma? Then there is anger, how did I get this disease, is he doing something outside?

Yes, mycoplasma infection is still a sexually transmitted disease.

Mycoplasma, also known as mycoplasma, is the smallest and simplest prokaryotic organisms found so far, the size of which is generally between 0.3-0.5um, between bacteria and viruses, and the shape of which is variable, with spherical, rod-shaped, filamentous, branched and other forms. Different from cells, viruses, a wide range of species, widely present in humans and animals, most are not pathogenic.

Mycoplasmas that cause disease in humans include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma lysodeikticum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Mycoplasma genitalium. The most common conditions are Mycoplasma pneumonia and Mycoplasma genitalium infections.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection causes pneumonia, which is more common in winter, the transmission route is mainly droplet transmission, the course of the disease is long, the lung lesions are more serious, and the majority of the prognosis is good.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM antibody test reagents are commonly used in outpatient clinics for rapid identification of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.

Mycoplasma lysureum and Mycoplasma genitalium mainly cause genitourinary tract infections. Typical symptoms are similar to those of genitourinary tract infections, including urinary urgency, frequent urination, painful urination, urethral urethral erythema, tingling, and discharge, and the formation of a white film at the urethral urethral opening is common in the morning after waking up.

When combined with a prostate infection, patients often experience lower back pain, perineal swelling and pain.

Female patients infected with mycoplasma, the symptomatic manifestation of the uterus as the center of the spread of reproductive inflammation, mostly no obvious symptoms. When the urinary system is infected, there are symptoms such as urinary urgency and frequency.

When the cervix is infected, the patient's symptoms mainly include leukorrhea, turbidity, edema, congestion or surface erosion of the cervix. When it spreads to the urethra, the urethral opening is red, swollen, congested, and squeezed with a small amount of secretion. A small number of patients can be combined with salpingitis, endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease.

Mycoplasma is mainly direct contact infection, but also can be indirectly infected, so for genitourinary infections when the husband and wife with the treatment, the effect is good, otherwise it will still be exposed to recurrence.

Mycoplasma pneumonia is mostly caused by airborne transmission of respiratory secretions, and occurs more often in children and adolescents. Most patients have mild symptoms, which are limited in nature and can be cured without special treatment, and complications such as meningitis, myelitis, pericarditis, myocarditis, immune hemolytic anemia, and nephritis can sometimes occur in some poorly endowed patients with bilateral pneumonia.

Mycoplasma pneumonia has no obvious symptoms in the early days of its onset, but slowly there will be fatigue, headache, sore throat, muscle pain, cough and other respiratory symptoms, the cough is mostly episodic dry cough, heavier at night, sometimes coughing up pus sputum, and persistent paroxysms of severe cough is the most typical characteristic symptom of Mycoplasma pneumonia. When the disease is more serious, there will be moderate fever, nasopharyngeal and ear pain, shortness of breath or dyspnea, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, maculopapular rash and other symptoms.

The treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia is mainly the application of macrolide or quinolone antibiotics such as erythromycin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin for 2 to 3 weeks of symptomatic treatment starting at the early stage of the disease. For the symptomatic treatment of severe cough, central cough suppressants such as cough bicarb and codeine syrup can be applied in the absence of sputum, and if sputum is present, sputum-cleansing drugs such as carbocysteine, ambroxol and licorice tablets can be added to the treatment.

Overall, Mycoplasma pneumonia has a long course and needs to be treated with macrolide antibiotics and cough suppressants in order to be cured as soon as possible. Some people will have persistent cough for a long time due to incomplete treatment, and then they need to take central cough suppressants and macrolide antibiotics for a longer period of time in order to be cured completely and to avoid recurrence.

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Hello!

Mycoplasma infections are when mycoplasma enters an organism (either in humans or, of course, in animals) and causes a corresponding disease, which is called a mycoplasma infection.

Mycoplasma is the smallest non-parasitic microorganism widely found in nature. It is found in water, air, and soil.

There are more than 80 known species of mycoplasma. For humans, the most common pathogenic mycoplasmas are: 1) Mycoplasma pneumoniae; 2) Mycoplasma urealyticum; and 3) Mycoplasma hominis.

Common types of mycoplasma infections are:

1. Mycoplasma infection pneumonia

Common in infants and young children, due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection leading to pneumonia in infants and young children, Mycoplasma pneumonia has also been on the rise in adults in recent years.

2. Mycoplasma infection of the reproductive system

Mycoplasma infects the male reproductive system, often causing nongonococcal urethritis, a common sexually transmitted disease.

Mycoplasma infection of the female reproductive system can cause cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease and even transmission to the fetus.

3. Mycoplasma infected animals

It can cause disease in poultry and livestock.

Why do doctors sometimes say it's a mycoplasma infection, what is a mycoplasma infection and is it any different?

Our common infections are categorized as:bacterial, viral, fungal, and broadly speaking Mycoplasma belongs to the bacterial category.

Mycoplasmas are the smallest prokaryotic cellular microorganisms, and the main pathogenic mycoplasmas to humans are Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Mycoplasma spermatophilum.Its biggest difference is that Mycoplasma has no cell wall, which makes it distinctive.

We describe the following major pathogenic mycoplasma infections.

1.Mycoplasma pneumoniae:: The main infection is the respiratory tract, mainly transmitted by droplets, can develop throughout the year, the infection to the highest incidence of adolescents, can cause respiratory tract infections, the main manifestations of coughing, fever, headache, sore throat and muscle aches and pains.

2. Mycoplasma hominis: Mycoplasma hominis resides in the genitourinary tract and spreads mainly through sexual contact, causing epididymitis in men, pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic amnionitis and puerperal fever in women, and pneumonia, encephalitis and cerebral abscess in newborns.

3. Mycoplasma genitalium: can be transmitted through sexual contact, can adhere to the epithelial cells of the human genitourinary tract, mainly causing urethritis, cervicitis, endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease, and male infertility.

As internists, the common mycoplasma infections we see are lung infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and as we described earlier, theAs mycoplasma has no cell wall determines its distinctive-medication is different, we commonly used a class of antibiotics beta-lactam antibiotics, its mechanism of action is to act on the cell wall, and mycoplasma has no cell wall, so this class of antibiotics is ineffective against mycoplasma infections.

Which are the beta-lactam antibiotics?

• Penicillins: penicillin G, methicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, ticarcillin ......
• Cephalosporins (formerly known as pioneers): cefazolin, cefradine, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone ......
• Cephamycin:Cefoxitin
• Monocyclic beta-lactams: amitrazine, carumonan
• Carbapenems:Imipenem

So what antibiotic to choose for mycoplasma infection?

• Macrolides: inhibit protein synthesis, e.g., roxithromycin, azithromycin, etc.
• Quinolones:Block DNA synthesis, e.g. levofloxacin, moxifloxacin.

The cell wall-less structure of Mycoplasma determines that it is ineffective against β-lactams, so we should perform identification of Mycoplasma infectionCommon Test Methods.

1. Culture method: Because of the high nutritional requirements of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, slow growth, low positivity rate, need to be observed for 10 to 30 days or more, not very helpful for clinical diagnosis.

2. Serum blood tests.

• complement binding assayIt is a widely used serologic diagnostic method for diagnosing Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.
• indirect hemagglutination testMainly detects IgM antibodies.
• enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)For the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies. The method is sensitive, highly specific, rapid, and economical, making it a practical and reliable means of diagnosing Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.
• cold agglutination testIt is a non-specific test for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.

3.Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)The positive rate of detection by PCR is significantly higher than that by culture, and significantly higher than that by serology and probe hybridization. Its specificity is also higher, and the use of PCR can strive for early confirmation of the diagnosis in order to guide the rational use of clinical drugs.

In addition, we need to carry out other tests according to the symptoms to further clarify the diagnosis, such as mycoplasma pneumonia also need to improve the blood routine, chest X-ray and other tests.

Hello, I am a medical worker Zhang, a practicing physician, can popularize health knowledge for everyone, if you know more, pay attention to me!

Mycoplasma is the smallest microorganism that survives outside the cell. It is a class of prokaryotic cell-type microorganisms lacking cell walls, generally between 0.3-0.5um in size, highly polymorphic, with spherical, rod-shaped, filamentous, branched and other forms. It is different from cells and also different from viruses. It is diverse, widely distributed and causes considerable harm, involving humans, animals, plants and insects in many fields, adversely affecting human health and scientific research. Mycoplasma is another kind of microscopic pathogen different from bacteria and fungi, there are more than 80 species in the genus Mycoplasma, and the mycoplasmas related to humans are Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), Mycoplasma hominis (MH), Mycoplasma urealyticum (UU) and Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), the former causes pneumonia, and the latter three cause genitourinary tract infections.

What's the deal with Mycoplasma pneumonia?

Mycoplasma pneumonia is also known as primary atypical pneumonia. Mycoplasma pneumonia can occur throughout the year, and is more common in winter, with small epidemics. Mycoplasma pneumonia is a common type of pneumonia in preschool children and young people. Mycoplasma pneumonia is mainly spread through droplet transmission, and the incubation period is long, up to 2~3 weeks. Although Mycoplasma pneumonia has a longer course, heavier lung lesions, and slower absorption of inflammation, the majority of cases have a favorable prognosis and fewer comorbidities.

Mycoplasma pneumonia is commonly seen in children.

1. Fever and chills. Fear of cold is one of the manifestations of fever, children often feel cold. Children with mycoplasma pneumonia symptoms first manifested as a fever, mycoplasma pneumonia fever body temperature is generally 37 ~ 41 ℃, the vast majority of children with mycoplasma pneumonia fever in 39 ℃ or so, and children with mycoplasma pneumonia fever is often persistent or flaccid. Of course, due to the different physical condition of individuals, some children with mycoplasma pneumonia only have a low fever, or even no fever.

2. Cough. Most children with mycoplasma pneumonia cough is heavier, the initial stage is often manifested as a dry cough, sometimes paroxysmal cough, somewhat like pediatric whooping cough.

3. Sore throat. Mycoplasma pneumonia in children often triggers sore throat in children, and children will feel pain in themselves and then show anorexia and anorexia.

4. Coughing and vomiting. Coughing up sputum is one of the most common symptoms of Mycoplasma pneumonia in children, and children often cough up white sputum, occasionally slightly bloody. When children cough up sputum, it is also often accompanied by vomiting, which may aggravate the child's anorexia and failure to eat.

5. Headache and sub-sternal pain. Children with Mycoplasma pneumonia often have headaches and sometimes feel pain under the sternum, which is often expressed as "chest pain" and is one of the most common symptoms of Mycoplasma pneumonia in children.

What is the treatment for mycoplasma pneumonia?

General treatment:Respiratory isolation, rest, supply adequate water and nutrition. Symptomatic treatment:Avoid salicylic acid drugs to prevent hemolysis. Generally use antipyretic and analgesic drugs with slow and long-lasting effect, such as paracetamol, carbapenem, lysergic acid, chai hu, etc. Supplemented with physical cooling in case of high fever. Resolve phlegm and stop cough. Remove nasal secretions and keep the airway open. If necessary, nebulized inhalation.

Related precautions: The sick room should be kept air-circulated, room temperature maintained at about 20'C and humidity at 60%. Give enough vitamins and proteins, drink water frequently and eat small amounts of food. Keep the respiratory tract open, remove upper respiratory secretions in time, change the position frequently, reduce pulmonary stasis, in order to facilitate the absorption of inflammation and the discharge of sputum. In order to avoid cross-infection, mild pneumonia can be treated at home or in outpatient clinics, and hospitalized children should be separated from those in the acute stage and those in the recovery stage as much as possible, and bacterial infections should be separated from viral infections.

Therapeutic Use: Macrolide antibiotics that block the synthesis of cytosolic proteins, such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin, are the antibiotics of choice for treating mycoplasma pneumonia.

Prevention of Mycoplasma pneumonia

Usually should do a good job of prevention of pediatric mycoplasma pneumonia. Some experts remind, usually children should pay attention to physical exercise, often outdoor activities. Indoor windows should be opened and ventilated, so that the body's cold tolerance and the ability to adapt to changes in environmental temperature, with temperature changes in a timely manner to increase or decrease clothing, avoid contact with children with respiratory infections, in the season of respiratory infectious diseases, do not take the child to the public places, a reasonable allocation of nutrients, and early to the child's oral calcium and vitamin AD, the sun, which can be reduced susceptibility to pediatric pneumonia, but also help the prevention of pneumonia. This will reduce the susceptibility factors of pediatric pneumonia and help to prevent it. Do not be picky about what you eat, do not deviate from what you eat, and get enough rest and sleep.

Conclusion: Mycoplasma pneumonia typical symptoms are high fever, dry cough, this atypical pneumonia symptoms, often give the doctor a kind of wrong judgment, in recent years the frequent occurrence of Mycoplasma pneumonia, pediatricians on Mycoplasma pneumonia is also quite vigilant, in the symptomatic treatment, after the healing of the effect is very good.

Mycoplasma infections are different from bacteria and different from viruses, with a wide variety of species, widely distributed, causing considerable harm. r Mycoplasma is a kind of germ's, Mycoplasma infections caused by gynecological inflammation need to be treated for a longer period of time. Mycoplasma infections in children, generally caused by mycoplasma pneumonia performance, children can appear slow onset of illness, fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, depression, coughing, coughing up sputum, sore throat and other manifestations of the body temperature can last a few days, the body temperature returned to normal, but also the cough performance, coughing more choking cough, you can cough up a small amount of mucus sputum. Some children may have earache and enlarged lymph nodes.

Symptoms of mycoplasma infection in men are as follows

Prostatitis and epididymitis, with significantly lower sperm quality and higher numbers of dead sperm.

Symptoms of mycoplasma infection in women are as follows

Inflammation of the vagina and cervix with slight discomfort in the reproductive tract