Ji Linong (1938-), Chinese actorDirector of the 6th Diabetes Branch of the Chinese Medical Association (CMA)Director, Department of Endocrinology, Peking University People's Hospital

Diabetes itself isn't scary, which means that if it's a mild or moderate increase in blood glucose, we don't feel anything, but what's scary is that extraordinarily high blood glucose can lead to acute complications, such as ketoacidosis, non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma, which is a condition that can lead to a lot of people getting sick, and that can lead to a lot of people getting sick.

Long-term hyperglycemia, even at a mildly elevated level, can cause serious vascular complications, because elevated blood glucose can cause endothelial damage to blood vessels, and because blood vessels are all over the body, elevated blood glucose can affect blood vessels all over the body, most notably the retina, which can lead to blindness and vision loss, and the kidneys, which can lead to renal insufficiency and even death, which can lead to death.

In addition, the high blood sugar level in diabetes can cause damage to the nervous system, which can lead to diabetic neuropathy, which manifests itself as numbness, coldness, pain, and in severe cases, diabetic foot. Many diabetic patients have to resort to amputation because of untreated diabetic foot infections and injuries.

So diabetes, because hyperglycemia is high blood sugar in the blood vessels, it's harmful to all the organs and systems of the body, so it's a chronic, systemic disease, so it's a chronic, systemic disease, so it's a chronic, systemic disease.

　　Diabetes has become a major killer of human health, second only to cancer in terms of harm to the human body. Diabetes mellitus is not scary, but the scary thing is the complications, the common ones are as follows: (1) Acute complications: including diabetic ketoacidosis, non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma, hypoglycemia, infections and so on. (2) chronic complications: including macrovascular lesions and microvascular lesions. Macrovascular lesions include atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and so on. Microvascular lesions include diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, etc. In other words, diabetes mellitus can cause life-threatening lesions in many important organs such as heart, brain, kidney, and so on through vascular lesions.

　　Diabetes is currently the third most common non-communicable disease after cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and oncological diseases.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, which brings patients not only the pain of drinking, urinating and eating too much, but also various acute and chronic complications. Generally, after 5 years of the onset of the disease, patients will have different degrees of complications, in which the severity of the complications is directly related to the patient's own blood sugar control, blood lipids, blood pressure and so on.

I. Complications of Diabetes Mellitus.

1, diabetic eye lesions: diabetes disease duration of more than 10 years, most patients with different degrees of retinopathy. (Common lesions include iritis, glaucoma, cataract, etc.)

2, diabetic heart disease: the chance of diabetic coronary heart disease is non-diabetic 2-3 times, common heart enlargement, heart failure, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and so on.

3, diabetic neuropathy: in the state of high blood sugar, nerve cells and nerve fibers are prone to lesions. Clinical manifestations are spontaneous pain in the limbs, numbness, sensory loss. (Individual patients appear local muscle weakness, muscle atrophy. Plant nerve dysfunction is manifested as: diarrhea, constipation, urinary retention, impotence, etc.).

4, diabetic nephropathy: also known as diabetic glomerulosclerosis, is a common and intractable microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, one of the main causes of death in diabetes mellitus.

5, diabetic foot lesions: refers to diabetic patients with insufficient blood supply due to vasculopathy, sensory loss due to neuropathy and foot lesions accompanied by infection. (The main manifestations are lower limb pain, skin ulcers, from mild to severe can be manifested as intermittent claudication, lower limb rest pain and foot gangrene.)

II. Prevention of diabetic complications.

1, drink more water, daily water intake and urine volume of about 1500 a 2000mL.

2, Limit potassium and protein intake appropriately.

3, Salt intake should be limited to 6g of salt per day.

4, Strict blood sugar control.

5, Strict control of blood pressure.

6, Avoid the use of toxic drugs.

7, Adequate daily intake of vitamins trace elements, especially vitamin B vitamin C and zinc, calcium and iron.

8, Smoking is prohibited as it is an important factor in aggravating diabetes.

The above highlights several common complications of diabetes, and a few preventive measures. Sincerely hope that friends with diabetes, diabetes complications to pay attention to, do not take it lightly, always pay attention to their blood sugar changes. Only in this way can you avoid complications. Similarly, for those who have already experienced diabetes complications, should pay more attention to, only in this way to avoid further aggravation and deterioration of the condition.

When it comes to the danger signs of diabetic complications, it should be accurate to say that they are the early symptoms of diabetic complications, and if they can be detected at an early stage, the condition can be effectively controlled to avoid causing too much harm to the body.

1, diarrhea or constipation: diabetic autonomic neuropathy can affect the function of the gastrointestinal tract, slowing down intestinal peristalsis, manifested as abdominal distension, poor appetite or persistent constipation. A few patients may also have chronic diarrhea, or alternating diarrhea and constipation.

2、Abnormal sweating: Diabetic autonomic neuropathy can lead to abnormal sweat secretion, such as half of the body sweats and half does not sweat, but also in the case of room temperature is not high, a lot of sweat.

3, itchy skin: high blood sugar can stimulate the skin nerve endings, causing itchy skin, especially in the perineum of women. Especially in the season of dry air, it may aggravate the symptoms of dryness and itching.

4, vision loss: diabetic patients with vision loss may be caused by cataract or retinopathy, diabetic patients with vision loss must be treated promptly to avoid blindness.

5, numbness of hands and feet: diabetes can cause peripheral neuritis, manifested as symmetrical numbness of hands and feet, pain, burning, sensory loss or disappearance. At this point suggests that patients may have peripheral neuropathy, diabetic patients need to be actively treated to avoid aggravation of the condition.

6. Postural hypotension: diabetic patients are easy to combine with hyperglycemia, which can also lead to hypoglycemia. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy will cause abnormal vasodilatation and contraction function, when sitting or lying down for a long time and then suddenly get up, due to the blood vessels can not reflex contraction, which leads to a drop in blood pressure, transient cerebral ischemia, dizziness, blurred vision or even fainting.

Complications of diabetes appear slowly and with warning, such as

1. Thirst and dry throat: suggesting elevated blood sugar and increased blood viscosity. Some people, due to the insensitivity of the thirst center, have no symptoms of thirst despite the increase in blood glucose.

2, fatigue and weakness: the accumulation of metabolic products in the cells of the body, helping to have severe fatigue and weakness.

3, blood pressure rise: blood sugar rises, then blood volume increases, appearing high blood pressure.

4, peripheral swelling: suggests that blood sugar is lowered too quickly, resulting in intracellular edema.

5, bloating and constipation: may be gastrointestinal smooth muscle weakness, autonomic nerve damage, too much biguanide.

6, headache and dizziness: two situations prone to headache and dizziness: high blood pressure and low blood sugar.

7, skin flaking: dry, flaky skin, strange itching, suggesting skin symptoms.

Prevention: monitor blood glucose changes, pay attention to the usual dietary habits, it is recommended to follow the diabetic food

Currently, there are more than 100 million diabetics in China. Many people know that diabetes is divided into type 1 and type 2, and the most common clinical type is type 2 diabetes, which accounts for 90 to 95% of the total number of diabetics. Long-term elevated blood glucose can cause a variety of acute and chronic complications, some of which are fatal, which is the most terrible thing about diabetes.

Let's start with the acute complications (mostly metabolic) caused by diabetes:

1. Ketoacidosis;

2. Lactic acidosis;

3. Hypertonic hyperglycemic coma;

4. Hypoglycemia;

5. The incidence of infections, such as bacterial or fungal infections of the skin and urinary tract infections, is much higher than that of non-diabetics. In addition, diabetics are susceptible to tuberculosis.

Chronic complications in diabetics, which can also be described as distant complications, are the result of long-term damage to target organs by hyperglycemia, there:

1, eyes: long-term high blood sugar leads to retinal vasculopathy, vision loss or even blindness, which is often referred to as cataract.

2, foot: foot injury, the wound is difficult to heal, but also easy to complicate the formation of infected ulcers, not healed for a long time, when the condition is serious, there may be systemic infection, life-threatening. Localized can develop into osteomyelitis, infection can not be controlled, often have to take the amputation approach, which is the most serious results of diabetic foot.

3, kidney: long-term high blood sugar caused by renal vasculopathy, and eventually developed into chronic renal failure, need to rely on hemodialysis or kidney transplantation to maintain life, which is an important cause of death of diabetic patients.

4, cardiovascular: diabetic patients, overweight or obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, the incidence of significantly higher, which causes diabetes mellitus combined with coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular lesions increase the chances, and the onset of early, rapid progression of the disease.

5, nerves: to the limb nerves of the body surface, it can cause multiple peripheral neuritis, which is manifested as bilateral symmetrical, cuff-like or sock-like burning sensation, tingling, sensory hypersensitivity and other symptoms of the limb ends, which is also the main cause of diabetic foot. Damage to the nerves of internal organs can cause digestive symptoms such as abdominal distension, diarrhea, loss of appetite, etc. In addition, the function of the reproductive system is inhibited to varying degrees, and cardiac dysfunction occurs.

The goal of diabetes treatment is to achieve the goals of controlling diabetes symptoms, preventing acute metabolic complications, preventing chronic complications, and improving the patient's quality of life while controlling blood glucose levels within normal values.

There are many signals or signs of diabetes complications, but early on there is often a lack of attention or an inability to associate these common symptoms with complications. Here are some of the "signs" for you.

1, diabetic patients appear blurred vision, see things unclear, vision loss, flying mosquito and other symptoms, be alert to retinopathy or cataract. If suddenly there is a black shadow in front of the eyes to cover, need to pay attention to whether there is fundus hemorrhage.

2, diabetic patients with numbness, coldness, pain in the hands or feet, sometimes like the sensation of pins and needles, or feet like a burning sensation, or feet like a sock feeling, or feet like stepping on cotton, need to pay attention to the possibility of peripheral neuropathy as a complication. Nerve conduction velocity needs to be checked.

3, diabetic patients calf in front of a black spot, or walking calf pain, soreness, after resting, and then walking and calf pain, and walking distance closer and closer, then need to pay attention to whether there is a lower extremity vasculopathy this complication.

4, diabetic patients appear eyelid edema, and even feet, legs edema, increased nocturia, this is the need to pay attention to whether there are diabetic renal complications. Need to check urine microalbumin, renal function and other indicators.

5, diabetic patients appear suddenly black before the eyes, and quickly recovered, or appear more and more serious dizziness, or walk unsteadily, walk to one side, or appear one side of the body activity is not flexible, need to be vigilant about the emergence of cerebral infarction this complication.

6, diabetic patients appeared chest tightness, shortness of breath, chest, especially the left chest pain, suffocation, tightness, sometimes at the same time the left arm and left shoulder pain, cold sweat, etc., need to pay attention to the possible emergence of cardiac ischemic lesions or even myocardial infarction. Immediate on-site measures and prompt medical attention are required.

7, diabetic patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, this burst of constipation, followed by a period of time and always diarrhea, followed by constipation, such a cycle, which is called "constipation and diarrhea alternately", there may be a "diabetic gastroparesis," such gastrointestinal complications. This is called "alternating constipation and diarrhea.

8, diabetic patients appear on the body for no reason itching unbearable, serious and even scratch, need to pay attention to the possible emergence of diabetic dermatopathy.

9, diabetic patients appear loose teeth, teeth gap becomes large, lost teeth, need to pay attention to the possible emergence of diabetic periodontal lesions.

10, diabetic patients in high blood sugar, cold and fever, severe diarrhea, surgery, trauma and other cases of nausea, vomiting, fatigue and other symptoms, need to pay attention to the possibility of diabetic ketoacidosis as an acute complication, or even the emergence of ketoacidosis, the need for immediate medical attention.

All of these signs need to be noted in diabetics to further clarify the presence of the above problems.

12 Danger Signs Before Diabetes Complications Arrive

1、Dry mouth and tongue

With elevated blood glucose in the body, blood viscosity increases and the patient is prone to thirst.

Of course, some sugar users will not feel thirsty even if their blood sugar is very high due to the insensitivity of the thirst center, and this point also needs to be taken seriously.

2. Increase in blood pressure

If your blood pressure has not been abnormal before, but suddenly becomes a little high in recent times, then you need to be careful.

When blood sugar rises, blood volume increases and this can cause high blood pressure.

3、Microalbuminuria

Microalbuminuria is a precursor to diabetic nephropathy.

However, the symptoms are not obvious at first, so many sugar addicts don't even know they have it.

When the symptoms are more severe, foamy urine can occur, and that's when you have to be careful.

4. Blurred vision

Eye lesions are mainly caused by long-term poor control of blood sugar. The first symptom of eye lesions in sugar patients is vision loss, which needs to be examined in ophthalmology in time.

5, Limb-tree

If there is symmetrical tingling and numbness in the extremities, peripheral neuropathy may have developed.

If it is numbness of one side of the limb, it may be a sign of cerebrovascular accident or cerebral infarction; tingling and numbness of both feet only may suggest the occurrence of peripheral neuritis.

6. Fatigue and weakness

If the body's glucose can not be transported and metabolized in a timely manner, metabolites accumulate for a long period of time, it will cause fatigue and weakness.

7. Dental tissue edema

Beware of diabetic complications when there are swollen and painful gums, edema of the periodontal tissues, buckling, loss or loosening of teeth.

When a diabetic patient develops neuropathy or vasculopathy, the microcirculation of the periodontal tissues can be impaired, triggering a variety of dental diseases.

8. Severe constipation

Constipation symptoms are common, but if a sugar patient suddenly develops severe constipation, it may also be related to complications.

Severe constipation means having fewer than three bowel movements in a week, or quite a few but each one is unusually difficult.

Peripheral autonomic neuropathy and hyperglycemia can inhibit GI motility and trigger gastrointestinal dysfunction.

9. Abnormal sweating

Failure to sweat in normal sweating areas, or excessive or minimal sweating, is indicative of impaired autonomic function.

10. Itchy skin

Persistent symptoms of dry skin, extreme itching, boils, skin ulcers, and erythema may indicate a skin lesion.

11. Foot skin discoloration

Cold and pale skin on the feet, which soon turns dark purple, means ischemia of the feet. Ischemia of the foot is the precursor of gangrene of the extremity.

12. Increased nocturia

Nocturia increases in diabetic patients when the renal tubules are damaged. Common conditions include hypertonicity of blood, microvascular damage, hyperfiltration of glomeruli, and diabetic metabolic disorders.

Symptoms are.

1. Itchy, dry and sweatless skin, cool, edematous or dry extremities, often with pigmented spots and sweat hair loss.

　　2, often have limb pain, numbness, sensory abnormalities, shallow and deep reflexes are slow or disappeared, feet on cotton wool feeling, duck walking, intermittent claudication, resting pain, squatting and standing up difficulties, often holding a cane to walk.

　　3. Limb malnutrition, muscle atrophy, poor muscle tone, joint ligaments easily damaged.

　　4, common metatarsal head subsidence, metatarsophalangeal joint bending, bowed feet, mallet toe, chicken claw toe, Charcot joints, bone destruction can occur pathologic fracture.

　　5. The arterial pulsations of the extremities are weakened or disappeared, and a blood flow murmur can be heard at the narrowing of the vascular lumen.

　　6. The initial stage of gangrene is often triggered by blisters, blood blisters, vesicular infections and other triggers that gradually develop into ulcers, gangrene or necrosis.

Diabetes is linked to genetics, unhealthy living, lack of exercise, and obesity, so diabetes is prevented in three ways:

1. Reasonable adjustment of dietary structure: control the total calories of daily food intake, daily diet should be low in fat, moderate in protein and high in carbohydrates;

2. Increase activity: Keeping active is vital to the prevention of type 1 diabetes. Exercise for 30 minutes a day, choosing exercises such as walking, jogging and swimming;

3. Regular blood glucose check: those who have high risk of diabetes such as obesity or overweight, somewhat high blood pressure and blood fat, and a family history of diabetes, should have their blood glucose measured once every three years after the age of 30.

Diabetes is the first ranked metabolic disease in China, after the discovery of diabetes, we should consult the doctor in time, and formulate a reasonable glucose-lowering program, in order to control the blood sugar in a reasonable range, and reduce the various complications caused by diabetes. What are the common complications of diabetes? Next, Medical Senlution will reveal them for you.

Diabetic complications are categorized into acute and chronic complications.

• Acute complications of diabetes mellitus are severe metabolic disturbances caused by a short-term surge in blood glucose, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. The common manifestation of these two complications is a severe elevation of blood glucose thatPatients with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic states may have blood glucose as high as 50 mmol/L or even higher; dehydration, some patients present with sunken eyes, dry skin, and thirst but urinate more;Electrolyte metabolism disorders, such as severe reduction of blood potassium; patients with diabetic ketoacidosis are also accompanied by obvious acidosis manifestations. Acute complications of diabetes mellitus are all improved after active treatment and normalization of blood glucose. In daily blood glucose control, strict control of blood glucose in a reasonable range can effectively avoid the occurrence of acute complications.
  

• Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus are chronic damage caused by long-term high blood sugar to various tissues and organs, and the damaged organs often involve the kidneys, retina, nervous system, cardiovascular system, feet and so on. If the blood glucose is not up to the standard for a long time, after years and decades, it can often lead to diabetic nephropathy, which can appear foamy urine, urinary protein, blood creatinine increase; diabetic neuropathy, which can appear unexplained pain, numbness, sensory abnormality, but also accumulated autonomic nerves of the heart, gastrointestinal system and other systems, and corresponding symptoms; cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, such as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, cerebral infarction, and so on; Diabetic foot, often can appear foot swelling, pain, numbness, cold, etc., serious cases can appear foot gangrene and amputation. How to avoid it? Firstly, blood glucose should be controlled in a reasonable range to reduce the damage of high blood glucose to various organs; secondly, the target organs should be screened regularly, and early intervention should be made when the corresponding indexes are abnormal to prevent aggravation of the condition.
  

To summarize, diabetes complications mainly include acute complications: diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state; chronic complications: diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic foot, diabetic neuropathy, cardiovascular disease and so on. Controlling blood glucose in a reasonable range can effectively avoid or delay its progression, while target organ damage should be screened regularly.

Thank you all for reading!

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Note: The content of the text is intended to be used as health science only, and is not intended as medical advice or opinion, and does not qualify as medical guidance.